The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autistic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have examined the association between autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, describing a number of cognitive features common to both conditions (e.g., weak central coherence, difficulties in set-shifting, impairment in theory of mind). Several studies have reported high levels of autistic symptoms in population with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Our study systematically reviews and quantitatively synthetizes the current evidence on the presence of autistic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINHAL, and Embase databases was performed from the date of their inceptions until March 2018. The primary outcome measure was the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). As secondary outcome measures, we analysed the AQ subscales. Data were extracted and analyzed by using a conservative model and expressed by standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: Thirteen studies comprising a total of 1958 individuals were included in the analysis. Results showed that individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have higher levels of autistic symptoms compared to healthy controls [SMD: 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11 to 1.68] and lower levels of autistic symptoms compared to individuals with autism (SMD: -1.27, 95% CI: -1.77 to -0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Current findings support that individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have higher autistic symptoms than healthy controls. Therefore, further studies are needed in order to shed light on the association between these two conditions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“ASD shares many overlaps with schizophrenia, not just on a clinical scale, but also with similar PV-IN abnormalities [39].”
From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17,633
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450 · cited 1×
“The AQ is a 50item questionnaire consisting of five different areas: social skill, attention switching, attention to detail, communication, and imagination (47).”
BackgroundComorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 · Cited by 1,637
Shared molecular neuropathology across major psychiatric disorders parallels polygenic overlap
Gandal, M. J., Haney, J. R., Parikshak, N. N., Leppa, V., Ramaswami, G., Hartl, C., Schork, A. J., Appadurai, V., Buil, A., Werge, T. M., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad6469 · Cited by 1,095
Constantino, J. N. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_296 · Cited by 908
Ehlers, S., Gillberg, C., & Wing, L. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1023040610384 · Cited by 854
Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: meta-analysis
Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.020 · Cited by 797
Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
Owen, M. J., O'Donovan, M. C., Thapar, A., & Craddock, N. (2011) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084384 · Cited by 500
Assessing autistic traits: cross‐cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS)
Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.49 · Cited by 475
Studies in the Childhood Psychoses I. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Kolvin, I. (1971) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.118.545.381 · Cited by 468
Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered
Rutter, M. (1972) · Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia · doi:10.1007/bf01537622 · Cited by 440
Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., Todd, R. D., Schindler, M. K., Gross, M. M., Brophy, S. L., Metzger, L. M., Shoushtari, C. S., Splinter, R., & Reich, W. (2003) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t17260-000 · Cited by 432
Rapoport, J. L., Chavez, A. M., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Addington, A. M., & Gogtay, N. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31818b1c63 · Cited by 409
Chisholm, K., Lin, A. P., Abu-Akel, A. M., & Wood, S. J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.012 · Cited by 347
Childhood schizophrenia: Clinical study of one hundred schizophrenic children.
Bender, L. (1947) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1947.tb04975.x · Cited by 336
Genetic overlap between autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Carroll, L. S., & Owen, M. J. (2009) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm102 · Cited by 326
Neuropsychological Profile of Autism and the Broad Autism Phenotype
Losh, M. C., Adolphs, R., Poe, M. D., Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., Baranek, G. T., & Piven, J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.34 · Cited by 303
Autistic Disorder and Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Overlaps
Konstantareas, M. M., & Hewitt, T. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005605528309 · Cited by 264
Clinical predictors of therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia
Carbon, M., & Correll, C. U. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.4/mcarbon · Cited by 257
Comorbid association of autism and schizophrenia
Volkmar, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1705 · Cited by 247
Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., Losh, M. C., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170999078x · Cited by 246
Shepherd, M. A. (1990) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700013167 · Cited by 242
Agreement Among Four Diagnostic Instruments for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Toddlers
Ventola, P. E., Kleinman, J. M., Pandey, J., Barton, M. L., Allen, S. T., Green, J., Robins, D. L., & FEIN, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0128-8 · Cited by 204
Perry, A., Condillac, R. A., Freeman, N. L., Geier, J. D., & Belair, J. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0006-9 · Cited by 202
Orienting to social stimuli differentiates social cognitive impairment in autism and schizophrenia
Sasson, N., Tsuchiya, N., Hurley, R., Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., Adolphs, R., & Piven, J. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.009 · Cited by 201
Contact in the genetics of autism and schizophrenia
Burbach, J. P. H., & van der Zwaag, B. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.002 · Cited by 176
Skokauskas, N., & Gallagher, L. (2009) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000255958 · Cited by 168
A population based elaboration of the role of age of onset on the course of schizophrenia
Rabinowitz, J., Levine, S. Z., & Häfner, H. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.07.007 · Cited by 153
What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and ASD traits in psychosis? A systematic review
Kincaid, D. L., Doris, M., Shannon, C., & Mulholland, C. C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.017 · Cited by 152
Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Chen, F., Wu, D., Tang, J., Han, X.-P., Ye, J., & Wang, K. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0915-5 · Cited by 132
Psychosis in autism: Comparison of the features of both conditions in a dually affected cohort
Larson, F. V., Wagner, A. P., Jones, P. B., Tantam, D., Lai, M., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Holland, A. J. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187682 · Cited by 126
Validity and reliability of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale with autistic adolescents
Garfin, D. G., & McCallon, D. (1988) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212193 · Cited by 114
Autism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia
Kästner, A., Begemann, M., Michel, T. M., EVERTS, S., Stepniak, B., Bach, C., Poustka, L., Becker, J., Banaschewski, T., Dose, M., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0494-x · Cited by 111
The role of neurexins in schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorder
Reichelt, A. C., Rodgers, R. J., & Clapcote, S. J. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.024 · Cited by 110
Sullivan, S. A., Rai, D., Golding, J., Zammit, S., & Steer, C. D. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.010 · Cited by 104
Martínez, G., Danset-Alexandre, C., Mam-Lam-Fook, C., Bendjemaa, N., Gaillard, R., Garel, P., Dziobek, I., Amado, I., & Krebs, M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.012 · Cited by 104
Is autism spectrum disorder common in schizophrenia?
Unenge Hallerbäck, M., Lugnegård, T., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.016 · Cited by 103
Copy Number Variation and Schizophrenia
Clair, D. S. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn147 · Cited by 100
Solomon, M., Olsen, E., Niendam, T., Ragland, J. D., Yoon, J., Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.005 · Cited by 99
The association between early autistic traits and psychotic experiences in adolescence
Jones, R. B., Thapar, A., Lewis, G., & Zammit, S. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.037 · Cited by 96
Sprong, M., Becker, H. E., Schothorst, P. F., Swaab, H., Ziermans, T. B., Dingemans, P. M. A. J., Linszen, D. H., & van Engeland, H. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.031 · Cited by 86
“Autism-plus” Spectrum Disorders
Cochran, D., Dvir, Y., & Frazier, J. A. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.04.005 · Cited by 84
Autistic-Like Traits in Adult Patients with Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia
Matsuo, J., Kamio, Y., Takahashi, H., Ota, M., Teraishi, T., Hori, H., Nagashima, A., Takei, R., Higuchi, T., Motohashi, N., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122711 · Cited by 82
Catatonia in Patients with Autism: Prevalence and Management
Mazzone, L., Postorino, V., Valeri, G., & Vicari, S. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0143-9 · Cited by 75
Self-citationAutistic traits in a sample of adult patients with schizophrenia: prevalence and correlates
Barlati, S., Deste, G., Gregorelli, M., & Vita, A. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000600 · Cited by 73
Prevalence and correlates of autism in a state psychiatric hospital
Mandell, D. S., Lawer, L. J., Branch, K., Brodkin, E. S., Healey, K., Witalec, R., Johnson, D. N., & Gur, R. E. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311412058 · Cited by 66
Distinct profiles of social skill in adults with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia
Morrison, K. E., Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Kelsven, S., Ludwig, K., & Sasson, N. J. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1734 · Cited by 61
Autism and psychosis: Clinical implications for depression and suicide
Upthegrove, R., Abu-Akel, A., Chisholm, K., Lin, A., Zahid, S., Pelton, M., Apperly, I., Hansen, P. C., & Wood, S. J. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.028 · Cited by 60
de Bildt, A. A., Sytema, S., Meffert, H., & Bastiaansen, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2532-4 · Cited by 52
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., & Gillberg, C. (2014) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2014.972452 · Cited by 51
Prevalence of Asperger syndrome among patients of an Early Intervention in Psychosis team
Davidson, C., Greenwood, N., Stansfield, A., & Wright, S. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12039 · Cited by 43
Psychiatric Symptoms and Comorbidities in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mazzone, L., & Vitiello, B. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29695-1 · Cited by 43
Self-citationThe relationship between Asperger’s syndrome and schizophrenia in adolescence
Waris, P., Lindberg, N., Kettunen, K., & Tani, P. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0338-x · Cited by 38
Guo, Y.-Q., Tang, Y., Rice, C. E., Lee, L.-C., Wang, Y.-F., & Cubells, J. F. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310396383 · Cited by 38
Screening for autism spectrum disorder in adult psychiatric outpatients in a clinic in Taiwan
Chang, H., Juang, Y., Wang, W.-T., Huang, C., Chen, C.-Y., & Hwang, Y.-S. (2003) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(03)00053-7 · Cited by 35
Padgett, F. E., Miltsiou, E., & Tiffin, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2010.494596 · Cited by 32
Assessments of mental capacity in psychiatric inpatients: a retrospective cohort study
Brown, P., Tulloch, A. D., Mackenzie, C., Owen, G. S., SZMUKLER, G. I., & Hotopf, M. H. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-115 · Cited by 31
Sasamoto, A., Miyata, J., Hirao, K., Fujiwara, H., Kawada, R., Fujimoto, S., Tanaka, Y. Z., Kubota, M., Sawamoto, N., Fukuyama, H., et al. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.575693 · Cited by 31
Reciprocal social behavior in youths with psychotic illness and those at clinical high risk
Jalbrzikowski, M., Krasileva, K. E., Marvin, S. E., Zinberg, J. L., Andaya, A., Bachman, P., Cannon, T. D., & Bearden, C. E. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941300045x · Cited by 26
Naito, K., Matsui, Y., Maeda, K., & Tanaka, K. (2010) · PubMed · doi:10.24546/81002605 · Cited by 20
Non‐expert clinicians' detection of autistic traits among attenders of a youth mental health service
Fraser, R., Cotton, S., Gentle, E. C., Angus, B., Allott, K., & Thompson, A. D. (2011) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00288.x · Cited by 13
F128. THE AGE OF ONSET OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Miettunen, J., Immonen, J., McGrath, J. J., Isohanni, M. K., & Jääskeläinen, E. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby017.659 · Cited by 10
Ota, M., Matsuo, J., Sato, N., Teraishi, T., Hori, H., Hattori, K., Kamio, Y., & Kunugi, H. (2017) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2017.9 · Cited by 8
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5
- Lord, 2012, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part II): Toddler Module
- Lord, 2012, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part I): Modules 1-4
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders
Ruden, J. B., Dugan, L. L., & Konradi, C. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0778-9 · Cited by 194
The schizophrenia syndrome, circa 2024: What we know and how that informs its nature
Tandon, R., Nasrallah, H. A., Akbarian, S., Carpenter, W. T., DeLisi, L. E., Gäebel, W., Green, M. F., Gur, R. E., Heckers, S., Kane, J. M., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.11.015 · Cited by 205
Tromp, A., Mowry, B. J., & Giacomotto, J. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00944-8 · Cited by 100
Eissa, N., Sadeq, A. S., Sasse, A., & Sadek, B. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00886 · Cited by 99
Recognizing Psychosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ribolsi, M., Nastro, F. F., Pelle, M., Medici, C., Sacchetto, S., Lisi, G., Riccioni, A., Siracusano, M., Mazzone, L., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.768586 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- De Crescenzo, F., Postorino, V., Siracusano, M., Riccioni, A., Armando, M., Curatolo, P., & Mazzone, L.
- Affiliations
- Mental Health Center of Denver (US)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Mazzone, Luigi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-02-21
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 78-78
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6393379
- OpenAlex
- W2912969681
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- autism symptoms, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, autism spectrum disorder, Autism Spectrum Quotient, weak central coherence, set-shifting, theory of mind, comorbidities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
