Shared molecular neuropathology across major psychiatric disorders parallels polygenic overlap
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Genes overlap across psychiatric disease: Many genome-wide studies have examined genes associated with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the degree to which the genetic underpinnings of these diseases differ or overlap is unknown. Gandal et al. performed meta-analyses of transcriptomic studies covering five major psychiatric disorders and compared cases and controls to identify coexpressed gene modules. From this, they found that some psychiatric disorders share global gene expression patterns. This overlap in polygenic traits in neuropsychiatric disorders may allow for better diagnosis and treatment. Science , this issue p. 693
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Virtually all cluster D modules failed to overlap with modules showing significant associations with neuropsychiatric disorders and were therefore "AD specific."
“Interestingly, virtually all cluster D modules failed to overlap with modules showing significant associations with neuropsychiatric disorders (Figure S6A) and were therefore “AD specific.””
From Meta-Analysis of the Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brain Transcriptome and Functional Dissection in Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as Gandal et al., 2018
The indexed copy (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) identifies co-expression modules significantly associated with psychiatric disorders, including CD4 and CD11. It does not examine the citing paper’s cluster D modules, test their overlap with those modules, or establish that they are AD-specific. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAD consensus clusters B and C strongly overlapped with several neuropsychiatric coexpression modules similarly enriched for microglial and neuronal expression signatures.
“In contrast, AD consensus clusters B and C strongly overlapped with several neuropsychiatric coexpression modules similarly enriched for microglial and neuronal expression signatures, respectively.”
From Meta-Analysis of the Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brain Transcriptome and Functional Dissection in Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as Gandal et al., 2018
The co-expression-module passage (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) identifies a microglial-marker-enriched module, CD11, and neuronal modules, CD1, CD10, and CD13. It does not report AD consensus clusters B and C or test their overlap with those modules, so the claimed strong overlap is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModule CD11, which was increased in autism, overlapped significantly with AD cluster B module FPturquoise (padj = 1.3 × 10−136).
“For example, module CD11, which was increased in autism, overlapped significantly with AD cluster B module FPturquoise (padj = 1.3 × 10−136) (Figure S6B).”
From Meta-Analysis of the Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brain Transcriptome and Functional Dissection in Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as Gandal et al., 2018
The paper’s passage on co-expression modules (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) reports that CD11 was upregulated specifically in autism spectrum disorder. Our copy does not report an overlap with AD cluster B module FPturquoise or the adjusted P value of 1.3 × 10−136; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGenes expressed by microglia have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease in human GWASs.
“Previously, genes expressed by microglia have been implicated in AD in human GWASs”
From Cross-Species Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Divergence of the Primate Microglia Program (2019) · cites this paper as Gandal et al., 2018
The indexed text describes a microglial gene module associated with autism and reports GWAS enrichment for other psychiatric disorders, but it does not link microglia-expressed genes to Alzheimer’s disease in human GWASs. Searches for “Alzheimer,” “AD GWAS,” and microglial Alzheimer’s risk variants found only an Alzheimer’s-related reference, not a passage making the claimed point; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTranscriptomic meta-analyses across major neuropsychiatric disorders found shared transcriptional dysregulation including a gradient of synaptic gene down-regulation and astroglial gene up-regulation in ASD, SZ and BD (ASD > SZ = BD), and dysregulation of HPA-axis and hormonal signaling in MDD.
“Transcriptomic meta-analyses of human cerebral cortex across major neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism (ASD), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and depression (MDD), have found the shared transcriptional dysregulation underlying convergent molecular neuropathology, such as a gradient of synaptic gene down-regulation and astroglial gene up-regulation in ASD, SZ and BD (ASD > SZ = B”
From Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex: pathophysiological implications (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
Gandal et al found DE effects correlated between conditions, paralleling genetic correlations.
“They found that differential expression effects were correlated between conditions, and that these correlations paralleled those between the genetic effects on those conditions (the genetic correlation).”
From Transcriptome-wide analysis of differential expression in perturbation atlases (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Gandal et al conducted large-scale DE analysis of post-mortem brain tissue comparing neuropsychiatric conditions with controls.
“Gandal et al29 conducted a large-scale differential expression analysis of post-mortem brain tissue from individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions, comparing them with neurotypical controls.”
From Transcriptome-wide analysis of differential expression in perturbation atlases (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Six of the 14 gene modules previously reported as altered in ASD patients in the PsychEncode analysis were also significantly affected across 8 of the ASD/ND risk gene perturbations.
“6 of the 14 modules previously reported to be altered in the ASD patients in the PsychEncode analysis were also significantly affected across 8 of our ASD/ND risk gene perturbations (fig. S14).”
From In vivo Perturb-Seq reveals neuronal and glial abnormalities associated with autism risk genes (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
In individuals with ASD, the fraction of Ex5 was higher and that of oligodendrocytes lower, with some increase for microglia and astrocytes.
“in individuals with ASD, the fraction of Ex5 was higher and that of oligodendrocytes, lower, with some commensurate increase for microglia and astrocytes (Fig. 2E and fig. S18) (24, 29).”
From Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
RBFOX1 encodes a splicing regulator mainly expressed in neurons and known to target genes important for neuronal development, including NMDA receptor 1 and voltage-gated calcium channels.
“RBFOX1 (also called A2BP1 ) encodes a splicing regulator mainly expressed in neurons and known to target several genes important to neuronal development, including NMDA receptor 1 and voltage-gated calcium channels (Gandal et al., 2018; Gehman et al., 2011; Hamada et al., 2015).”
From Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Gandal et al., 2018
DE genes were enriched for known pathways and cell-type-specific markers from single-nucleus RNA-seq in human brain.
“These DE genes exhibited substantial enrichment for known pathways and cell type specific markers derived from single nucleus RNA-Seq in human brain (Fig 1D-E) (21), consistent with previously observed patterns (1, 19).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Pervasive differential gene expression was observed in ASD, SCZ, and BD, with 1611, 4821, and 1119 genes at FDR<0.05, respectively.
“In accordance with previous results (1), we observed pervasive differential gene expression (DGE) in ASD, SCZ, and BD (n=1611, 4821, and 1119 genes at FDR<0.05, respectively; Fig 1A; Table S1).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
DGE effect sizes were concordant with a prior microarray meta-analysis for all three disorders.
“We observed significant concordance of DGE effect sizes with those from a microarray meta-analysis of each disorder (ASD: ⍴=0.8, SCZ: ⍴=0.78, BD: ⍴=0.64, Spearman ⍴ of log2FC, all P’s<10−16, (1))”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
There was substantial cross-disorder sharing of DE signal and a gradient of transcriptomic severity, with the largest changes in ASD compared with SCZ or BD.
“There was substantial cross-disorder sharing of this DE signal and a gradient of transcriptomic severity with the largest changes in ASD compared with SCZ or BD (ASD vs SCZ, mean |log2FC| 0.26 vs 0.10, P<2×10−16, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test; ASD vs BD, mean |log2FC| 0.26 vs 0.15, P<2×10−16, K-S test), as observed previously (1).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Previous work identified downregulated neuronal modules in ASD and SCZ containing RBFOX1 as a hub.
“Previous work has identified downregulated neuronal modules in ASD and SCZ containing RBFOX1 as a hub (1, 16).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Multiple neuronal and synaptic signaling pathways have been previously demonstrated to be downregulated in a diminishing gradient across ASD, SCZ, and BD brains without clear disease-specific signals.
“Multiple neuronal and synaptic signaling pathways have been previously demonstrated to be downregulated in a diminishing gradient across ASD, SCZ, and BD brains without identification of clear disease-specific signals for these neuronal-synaptic gene sets (1, 2, 16, 19, 56, 57).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Prior studies found astrocyte upregulation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
“including upregulation of astrocytes in SCZ and BD (1, 57)”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Post-mortem microglial upregulation has been observed only in autism spectrum disorder.
“although post-mortem microglial upregulation was observed only in ASD (1, 19, 70).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Previous transcriptional networks related to ASD, BD, and SCZ did not separate inhibitory and excitatory neuron signals.
“Previous transcriptional networks related to ASD, BD and SCZ did not separate inhibitory and excitatory neuron signals (1).”
From Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Gandal, M. J., Haney, J. R., Parikshak, N. N., Leppa, V., Ramaswami, G., Hartl, C., Schork, A. J., Appadurai, V., Buil, A., Werge, T. M., Liu, C., White, K. P., CommonMind Consortium, PsychENCODE Consortium, iPSYCH-BROAD Working Group, Horvath, S., Geschwind, D. H., Sestan, N., Vaccarino, F., Gerstein, M., Weissman, S., Pochareddy, S., State, M., Knowles, J., Farnham, P., Akbarian, S., Pinto, D., Van Baekl, H., Dracheva, S., Jaffe, A., Hyde, T., Zandi, P., Crawford, G., Sullivan, P., Thompson, W. K., Mortensen, P. B., Agerbo, E., Pedersen, M. G., Pedersen, C. B., Mors, O., Børglum, A. D., Nordentoft, M., Hougaard, D. M., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Bækvad-Hansen, M., Martin, A. R., Dumont, A., Stevens, C., Churchhouse, C., Howrigan, D. P., Palmer, D. S., Robinson, E. B., Satterstrom, K. F., Cerrato, F., Huang, H., Goldstein, J., Moran, J., Julian, J. M., Kimberly, M., Patrick, C., Turley, P., Walters, R., Belliveau, R., Ripke, S., Poterba, T., Daly, M. J., Neale, B., Fromer, M., Roussos, P., Johnson, J. S., Shah, H. R., Mahajan, M. C., Schadt, E., Haroutunian, V., Ruderfer, D. M., Buxbaum, J. D., Sieberts, S. K., Dang, K., Logsdon, B., Mangravite, L. M., Peters, M., Gur, R. E., Hahn, C.-G., Devlin, B., Klei, L. L., Lewis, D., Lipska, B., Hirai, K., Toyoshiba, H., & Domenici, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Mental Health Services (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Central South University (CN)
- University of Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Gandal, Michael J.
- Haney, Jillian R.
- Parikshak, Neelroop N.
- Ramaswami, Gokul
- Schork, Andrew J.
- Appadurai, Vivek
- Buil, Alfonso
- Werge, Thomas M.
- Liu, Chunyu
- White, Kevin P.
- Horvath, Steve
- Geschwind, Daniel H.
- Vaccarino, Flora
- Gerstein, Mark
- Pochareddy, Sirisha
- State, Matthew
- Knowles, James
- Farnham, Peggy
- Akbarian, Schahram
- Pinto, Dalila
- Dracheva, Stella
- Jaffe, Andrew
- Hyde, Thomas
- Zandi, Peter
- Crawford, Gregory
- Thompson, Wesley Kurt
- Mortensen, Preben Bo
- Agerbo, Esben
- Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker
- Mors, Ole
- Børglum, Anders D.
- Nordentoft, Merete
- Martin, Alicia R.
- Stevens, Christine
- Howrigan, Daniel P.
- Palmer, Duncan S.
- Robinson, Elise B.
- Cerrato, Felecia
- Huang, Hailiang
- Goldstein, Jacqueline
- Moran, Jennifer
- Turley, Patrick
- Walters, Raymond
- Ripke, Stephan
- Poterba, Timothy
- Daly, Mark J.
- Neale, Benjamin
- Fromer, Menachem
- Roussos, Panos
- Johnson, Jessica S.
- Schadt, Eric
- Haroutunian, Vahram
- Ruderfer, Douglas M.
- Buxbaum, Joseph D.
- Sieberts, Solveig K.
- Dang, Kristen
- Logsdon, Ben
- Mangravite, Lara M.
- Peters, Mette
- Gur, Raquel E.
- Devlin, Bernie
- Klei, Lambertus L.
- Lewis, David
- Hirai, Keisuke
- Toyoshiba, Hiroyoshi
- Domenici, Enrico
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-02-09
- Volume
- 359
- Issue
- 6376
- Pages
- 693-697
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5898828
- OpenAlex
- W2337092408
- Semantic Scholar
- cb5b301ef027f52b4cad525396f7946fd18fff35
- Cited by
- 1,095
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 84.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH106438, MH094714, MH103339, MH110920, MH103340)
- Simons Foundation (206733)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Keywords
- mental illness, polygenic overlap, gene expression, transcriptional dysregulation, molecular neuropathology, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, alcoholism, single nucleotide polymorphisms, pleiotropy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cerebral Cortex, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Transcription, Genetic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Gene Expression Profiling
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