Family Features of Social Withdrawal Syndrome (Hikikomori)
Open accessAbstract
Background: Family may play an important role in the origin, maintenance and treatment of people with social withdrawal. The aim of this study is to analyze family factors related to social withdrawal syndrome. Methods: Socio-demographic, clinical, and family data, including family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and history of family abuse were analyzed in 190 cases of social withdrawal with a minimum duration of 6 months that started an at-home treatment program. Data were analyzed at baseline and at 12 months. Results: In 36 cases (18%) neither the patient nor the family allowed at home evaluation and treatment by the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) team. Patients had high rates of dysfunctional family dynamics (n = 115, 61.5%), and family psychiatric history (n = 113, 59.3%), especially maternal affective (n = 22, 42.9%) and anxiety disorders (n = 11 20.4%). There was a non-negligible percentage of family maltreatment in childhood (n = 35, 20.7%) and single-parent families (n = 66, 37.8%). Most of the cases lived with their families (n = 135, 86%), had higher family collaboration in the therapeutic plan (n = 97, 51.9%) and families were the ones to detect patient isolation and call for help (n = 140, 73.7%). Higher social withdrawal severity (as defined by at least one of: early age of onset, no family collaboration, lack of insight, higher CGSI score, and higher Zarit score), was associated with family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and family abuse history. All of these predictive variables were highly correlated one to each other. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and traumatic events in childhood (family maltreatment), and these factors are closely interrelated, highlighting the potential role of family in the development and maintenance of social withdrawal.
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Family factors contribute to hikikomori severity worldwide.
“Although family factors contribute to hikikomori severity worldwide”
From Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
The Abstract reports that higher social-withdrawal severity was associated with family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and family abuse history. But the Participants section limits the study to 190 people treated in Barcelona, Spain, and the reported associations do not establish that family factors cause severity worldwide. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDysfunctional family relationships have been identified in other countries, including Hong Kong, Spain, Italy, and France.
“Dysfunctional family relationships have been identified in other countries, including Hong Kong, Spain, Italy, and France”
From Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
The Materials and Methods (Participants; page unavailable) locate the study in Barcelona, Spain, and the Results report dysfunctional family dynamics among its social-withdrawal cases. The paper does not establish the claim for Hong Kong, Italy, or France. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Failure to Launch (FTL): A Narrative Review and Call for Research
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Blog-reading histories as networks: A proof-of-concept prediction of high parenting stress
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- Authors
- Malagón-Amor, Á., Martín-López, L. M., Córcoles, D., González, A., Bellsolà, M., Teo, A. R., Bulbena, A., Pérez, V., & Bergé, D.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- Hospital Del Mar (ES)
- Portland State University (US)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-03-02
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 138-138
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7061609
- OpenAlex
- W3010027765
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 9.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Health Services Research and Development (CDA 14–428)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- hikikomori, social withdrawal, family factors, family history of mental illness, family abuse, child abuse, single-parent families, family collaboration, home treatment, social isolation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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