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Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Many studies indicate that men are more reluctant to seek help for mental health problems than women. Traditional ideas of masculinity are often seen as a cause of this phenomenon. However, little is known about the diversity of experiences during the processes of help-seeking and service use among men with depression who have already utilized mental health services. This study aims to explore men's experiences and attitudes toward depression, help-seeking, and service use in order to develop gender-sensitive services. Methods: Narrative-biographical interviews were conducted with men treated for depression (n = 12). Interview topics included individual experience with depression, help-seeking behavior, and mental health service use. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms. However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use. Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms. The positive function of men-only groups were described as key for successful service use. Conclusions: Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: (i) attitudes toward depression, (ii) perception of societal views on depression, (iii) experiences within the family context and (iv) experiences with mental health services. Interventions to reduce the stigma of being “unmanly” and to improve men's capacity to cope with being unable to work should be developed. Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses. In the context of GPs' mediating role, training for health professionals concerning the impact of masculine norms on mental health is recommended.
Overview
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TL;DR
In narrative-biographical interviews with 12 men treated for depression, internalized masculine norms initially inhibited help-seeking, but service use was retrospectively linked to critical reflection on those norms and a salutogenic view of depression. Men-only peer groups were described as key enablers of disclosure and successful service use.
Key findings
- Before treatment, men reported trivializing symptoms, individualized problem solving, hiding depression due to masculine norms, and avoiding help to protect career options; these categories had 10, 7, 7, and 6 quotations respectively.
- After service use, many described changed attitudes toward mental health problems (11 quotations) and a salutogenic perspective (10 quotations), seeing depression as an important life experience or wake-up call and reflecting critically on masculine norms.
- Stigma was prominent: being assessed as incapable of coping (12 quotations), stigma toward help-seeking and having depression (12), stigma toward inability to work (10), and stigma of being unmanly (8); some also perceived growing acceptance (8).
- Family and service experiences were mixed: loss of empathy in the family (14 quotations), partners’ emotional support (21), service users’ social support (14), group counseling for men (15), and familiarity of peer-led men-only groups (11); 11 of 12 participants were currently utilizing mental health services.
Methods
- Qualitative study nested in the mixed-methods MenDe project; this article reports a third-step re-analysis of 12 narrative-biographical interviews with men treated for depression, recruited inside and outside healthcare settings in Southern Germany. Inclusion criteria were male, aged 18–64, diagnosed or self-identified as having depression, and sufficient German language skills; exclusions were organic mental disorder, dementia, anorexia with BMI <17, addiction, and bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
- Interviews were conducted March–June 2018 by a male researcher (TS), lasted 27–133 min (mean 75 min), and covered depression experience, help-seeking, service use, illness theories, social consequences, coping, and masculinity.
- Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis: deductive categories from the research question and theoretical background, inductive codes from the material, and refinement into themes. Coding was done independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS), with discordant coding discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus; MAXQDA 12 was used.
Limitations
- The paper states that participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, so findings only refer to men who had successfully sought help and cannot explain reasoning in men who never sought help. It also states the small sample size and participants’ high age (mean = 52) prevent revealing age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.
- The paper notes the interviewer was male and that male participants might answer in gender-specific ways, for example by staging themselves as “real men” who never lost control; a qualitative research group with multiple perspectives discussed this bias critically.
- Evident from the text: all participants were recruited in Southern Germany and the sample was predominantly married (9 of 12), limiting transferability beyond this context.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depressive symptoms were not taken seriously by others who alleged that mental disorders are a result of an inability to deal with distress: “I've often heard people say ‘Get a grip! Don't make such a fuss’” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“This perspective awakened them to the need to change harmful attitudes toward work and life: “Before my illness, work came first. And now I have to say I'm the top priority and I only do what is good for me” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Some of them reported having “trivialized” their symptoms in terms of a “temporary” condition, which was expected to return quickly to a normal state of health: “It's a bit difficult at the moment, but it'll be fine again soon” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · hedged
“In line with a critical stance toward masculine norms, the analysis indicates a change in attitudes toward mental health problems during recovery processes.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along these lines, some interviewees described their own as well as men's socialization in general as having an emphasis on avoiding feelings, appearing strong and never crying.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“The majority of interviewees reported that masculine norms influenced their attitudes toward depression as well as their decision to seek help.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, one respondent reported that shortly after being admitted to a psychiatric ward due to a mental breakdown, he asked to be discharged “in order to go to work” (Jack, 50–54 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Most participants reported having tried to solve mental health problems on their own instead of seeking mental health services.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“Interviewees emphasized a salutogenic perspective on depression and help-seeking.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“interviewees described their experiences of inpatient services as an “educational resource”, where they could benefit from fellow patients' life experiences and learn how to cope with depressive symptoms”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“Within the familial context, paternal role expectations were an important issue for some participants”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“Others reported that the diagnosis of “depression” was not taken seriously by family members but seen as a pseudo-problem (Daniel, 50–54 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“Some men perceived a loss of empathy that might be related to the duration of mental health problems”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“In contrast, an open-minded and appreciative family environment was seen as assisting in the seeking of professional help (Harry, 45–49 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“The positive function of men-only groups were described as key for successful service use.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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In the paper
“Further findings underlined the supportive role of the partner as the “rock” (Jack, 50–54 y) in the help-seeking process”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“In particular, group counseling for men with depression was perceived as facilitating the disclosure of weaknesses.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“some participants defined inpatient services as a sheltered space”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“Participants reported both negative and positive experiences within their familial context during the help-seeking process.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“Some respondents reported fears of being stigmatized, which led to them rejecting inpatient services”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“One respondent reported that he had been shunned by workmates and management due to his failure to cope with mental health problems: “They said I didn't appear to be sick and that they had never been sick in their lives” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Secondly, stigma experiences were related to the failure to fulfill norms relating to work.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“These interviewees perceived inpatient services as being a protection against external expectations which they were unable to meet due to mental health problems.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“Participants were labeled “loser,” “lazy,” or “incapable” (James, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“interviewees pointed out the positive role of other informal service users' social support during and after inpatient services”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“Thus, they reported that their depression-related incapacity to work made them feel stigmatized by other colleagues.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: (i) attitudes toward depression, (ii) perception of societal views on depression, (iii) experiences within the family context and (iv) experiences with mental health services.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Based on the qualitative analysis, we summarized themes which refer to men's (i) attitudes toward depression; (ii) perception of societal views on depression; (iii) Family environment: between role expectations and social support; and (iv) experiences with mental health services (Table 3).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They reported the key role of a face-to-face exchange with fellow service users, especially those with a similar illness-related background, which was described as a supportive feature during the help-seeking process.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“interviewees preferred approaches that enabled them to address anxieties in a group of fellow service users who identify with the same gender”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“The analysis revealed that “not being sick” was associated with attributes of being strong, successful and self-reliant conveyed by the employment environment.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Our findings suggest that men with depression retrospectively give both negative and positive experiences of help-seeking and service use.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“Along with these experiences, respondents on sick leave reported being afraid that “outside my house somebody could ask me ‘What are you doing for work these days?’” (Jack, 50–54 y)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“participants highlighted the familiarity of men-only groups in the context of inpatient services”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others described inpatient services as being their first opportunity to open up to someone else”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regard, peer-led men-only groups were seen as assisting the disclosure of anxieties.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“In contrast, mental health problems in the workplace left interviewees feeling weak and vulnerable.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“On the other hand, results indicate a transformation of their attitudes toward traditional masculine norms by critically reflecting on non-help-seeking behavior as well as maladaptive work patterns.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“our findings indicate a change of attitudes toward service use during the participants' recovery processes”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Transformation of Attitudes During Recovery Processes
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In the paper
“our results show that depression and service use were retrospectively perceived as a resource to assist in changing harmful attitudes, e.g., toward internalized maladaptive work patterns”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Transformation of Attitudes During Recovery Processes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In line with this, having depression is described as being “incompatible” with traditional masculinity due to the fact that emotional experiences in depression are linked to femininity; depression is often accompanied by feelings of powerlessness and lack of control; and the experience of depression often leaves people feeling weak and vulnerable (3).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Emslie, 2006, Men's accounts of depression: Reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity?, Soc Sci Med. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Even though traditional masculine norms play an important role in reinforcing men's reluctance to seek help, qualitative studies showed that some men seemed to benefit from just the same norms by perceiving these ideals as a healthy resource (13).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Skärsäter, 2003, A salutogenetic perspective on how men cope with major depression in daily life, with the help of professional and lay support, Int J Nurs Stud source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Studies support the generally-held assumption that men are less likely than women to get assistance from mental health professionals for problems (1).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Parent, 2018, Men's mental health help-seeking behaviors: an intersectional analysis, Am J Mens Health source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Results of a systematic review of qualitative studies on men's views of depression confirmed the impact of norms concerning masculine roles on men's attitudes toward depression and help-seeking (4).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Krumm, 2017, Men's views on depression: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research, Psychopathology source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Men with depressive symptoms may avoid treatment in order not to be labeled “mentally ill” or “unmanly” by others”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Male Stigma Surrounding Depression and Help-Seeking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Corrigan, 2009, Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices, World Psychiatry source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“men who suffer from depression have difficulties disclosing their mental health problems”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Adverse Impact of Masculine Norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“self-stigmatization or shame can undermine motivation to seek help (23)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Male Stigma Surrounding Depression and Help-Seeking
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Corrigan, 2009, Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices, World Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, and self-reliant inhibit help-seeking behavior (2)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Adverse Impact of Masculine Norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Findings also referred to GPs' diagnostic errors in evaluating symptoms of depression in men, which can also lead to differing diagnoses (24).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Müters, 2013, Diagnosis depression: differences in women and men: Published by Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, GBE kompakt source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our findings may provide insight into how men were able to cope with stigma experiences by accessing (mental) health services”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Male Stigma Surrounding Depression and Help-Seeking
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because study participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, results only refer to participants who had successfully sought help.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our study did not reveal any impact of socioeconomic status (SES) to masculinity orientations and service use behavior quantitative studies should include measurement of SES.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Research has found that men developed positive coping strategies after utilizing mental health services by gaining a greater personal awareness during the recovery process.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Transformation of Attitudes During Recovery Processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Skärsäter, 2003, A salutogenetic perspective on how men cope with major depression in daily life, with the help of professional and lay support, Int J Nurs Stud source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, our findings are not able to explain reasoning processes in men who have never sought help for mental health problems.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents perceived having depression as an important “life experience” (Alex, 55–59 y) or a “necessary wake-up call” (Harry, 45–49 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to meet traditional masculine norms concerning societal roles, respondents decided not to disclose their mental health problems and to post-pone their own needs:”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interviewees explained low levels of help-seeking behavior as being a means of maintaining their employability as well as to safeguard career options.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant reflected masculine norms meant that he never disclosed mental health problems, saying that “[…] it doesn't exist among men. Men are the breadwinners, the problem solvers, the doers” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants referred to a variety of gender-related stigma experiences which could be classified into two categories: firstly, participants reported being assessed as incapable to adequately cope with mental distress.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants viewed their depression primarily as a chance to reflect on their attitudes, which led to positive coping strategies in everyday life (Alex, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to their critical stances toward masculine norms, interviewees recommended being “more sensitive to looking after oneself and noticing these warning signs earlier” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some participants perceived a slowly growing societal acceptance for professional help-seeking”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some respondents reported a lack of interest as well as a downplaying of depressive symptoms by GPs which led to them no longer seeking help”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some men's views, GPs tended to relativize depressive symptoms and recommended calming oneself down.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other interviewees reported the role of GPs as being a gateway to mental health services and being generally supportive and encouraging as well”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“respondents stated that seeking help continues to be viewed negatively as it is connected with the inability to cope with mental distress”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, they report the adverse impact of masculine norms as well as stigma experiences.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants described a lack of understanding regarding their depression and their “inability” to recover”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that men do not necessarily subscribe to traditional ideals but demonstrate alternative forms of masculinity (4).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Krumm, 2017, Men's views on depression: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research, Psychopathology source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies on mental health professionals' view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression stress the need to develop gender-sensitive services (14).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stiawa, 2020, Mental health professionals view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression - a qualitative study, BMC Psychiatry source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Research often suggests that men's help-seeking behavior regarding depression is attributed to traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, self-reliant, in control, and capable, along with an emphasis on avoiding emotions (2).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that men consulted a GP prior to counseling, which led to both negative and positive experiences.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Harding, 2015, It's not about “freudian couches and personality changing drugs”: an investigation into men's mental health help-seeking enablers, Am J Mens Health source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To try to control this bias a qualitative research group with several perspectives (men and women, different professions etc.) discussed this issue critically.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interviews were coded independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS) so that coding could be compared.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discordant coding was discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus was reached.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“men's decision not to seek help is accompanied by the concern that they would be making fools of themselves and expect social isolation as a consequence of not matching masculine role norms (20)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Adverse Impact of Masculine Norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Sierra Hernandez, 2014, Understanding help-seeking among depressed men, Psychol Men Masc source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One pilot interview was conducted with no changes for the interview guide.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Instrument
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Ulm University, Germany (Ref. Nr. 202/15).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Ethics Statement
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Results of a study about work values across generations suggests that workers from the generation of traditionalists placed more importance on status and autonomy than baby boomers or Generation X workers (30).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Transformation of Attitudes During Recovery Processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Hansen, 2012, Work values across generations, J Career Assess. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Others pointed out time restrictions that undermine GPs' capacity to effectively diagnose and treat depression (25).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Ohtsuki, 2012, Attitudes toward depression among Japanese non-psychiatric medical doctors: a cross-sectional study, BMC Res Notes source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“previous research also finding that men emphasized GPs' supportive role and stressed that a positive relationship between patient and GP facilitates mental health service use (26)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cramer, 2014, Do depressed and anxious men do groups? What works and what are the barriers to help seeking?, Prim Health Care Res Dev source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Ethics Statement
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation is the small sample size as well as participants' high age (mean = 52), which means it is not possible to reveal age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.
“Beyond this, there is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.
“Moreover, the impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
More evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.
“On the other hand, more evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.
“Despite emerging evidence for the diversity of men's experiences of help-seeking and service use, many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity.
“In contrast to the assumption that psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity (27)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Patients with depression may be undertreated with antidepressant therapies (ADTs), as observed in a longitudinal study involving 789 primary care patients with depressive symptoms, in which 41% were undertreated (ie, did not receive ADTs even though an ADT was indicated).35,36”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
James is described as a father but has no children listed
MinorJames says he is a father, but his Table 2 entry has a dash in the children column. The table's total of seven participants with children also excludes him.
““My family couldn't understand that I, a father, didn't go to the hardware store today, because I didn't feel good. It was never really recognized” (James, 55–59 y).”
“| James | 55–59 | On sick leave (construction) | Married | – | – | Psychologist |”
Citations
Cites
Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205278639 · Cited by 9,367
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848
Mayring, P. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-1.2.1089 · Cited by 6,604
Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma
Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004 · Cited by 1,832
Biographieforschung und narratives Interview
Schütze, F. (2016) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvdf09cn.6 · Cited by 1,580
The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review
Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002 · Cited by 1,093
Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices
CORRIGAN, P. W., LARSON, J. E., & RÜSCH, N. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x · Cited by 1,074
Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007 · Cited by 603
Men's accounts of depression: Reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity?
Emslie, C., Ridge, D., Ziebland, S., & Hunt, K. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.017 · Cited by 420
Men’s discourses of help‐seeking in the context of depression
Johnson, J. L., Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Galdas, P., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2012) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01372.x · Cited by 238 · cited 1×
“Qualitative studies have also explored the characteristics of positive attitudes during and after the mental help-seeking process (28, 29).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Men’s Experiences of Mental Illness Stigma Across the Lifespan: A Scoping Review
McKenzie, S., Oliffe, J. L., Black, A., & Collings, S. C. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221074789 · Cited by 145
“For men with depression and a history of mental health service use, interactions with fellow services users provided valuable peer support and a destigmatizing “sheltered space” (Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMokhwelepa, L. W., & Sumbane, G. O. (2025) · American Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.1177/15579883251321670 · Cited by 103
“There is substantial evidence that men are reluctant to seek mental health treatment across diverse global contexts, spanning both high-and low-income settings (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Gender Differences in Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes among Family Caregivers: A Systematic Review
Bueno, M., & Chase, J. D. (2022) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459221099672 · Cited by 63
“Men are found to have far less health-seeking behaviors than women and are less likely to ask for help for their own mental health (Parent et al., 2018; Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Men’s Engagement and Disengagement When Seeking Support for Mental Health
Kwon, M., Lawn, S., & Kaine, C. (2023) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883231157971 · Cited by 50
“…in mental health care and the need for a gendersensitive approach considering traditional masculinity and the significance of community involvement (Gough & Novikova, 2020; Lefkowich et al., 2017; McKenzie et al., 2018; Sagar-Ouriaghli et al., 2019; Seidler et al., 2018; Staigar et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDigital health technologies and major depressive disorder
McIntyre, R. S., Greenleaf, W., Bulaj, G., Taylor, S. T., Mitsi, G., Saliu, D., Czysz, A., Silvesti, G., Garcia, M., & Jain, R. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923002225 · Cited by 38
“19 Men tend to experience higher levels of stigma regarding help-seeking and having depression than women, 21 which may result in higher rates of suicide.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T., Frasch, K., Panzirsch, M., Schmauß, M., & Krumm, S.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Augsburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Staiger, Tobias
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-24
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 599039-599039
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7732518
- OpenAlex
- W3106546635
- Semantic Scholar
- f0c128eca3d26e5ecc489f8d7104ab605ca55fcf
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 19.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- masculinity, help-seeking, male depression, masculine norms, mental health service utilization, gender-sensitive services, salutogenic perspective, stigma, attitudes toward depression, family environment, general practitioners, peer-led intervention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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