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Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Many studies indicate that men are more reluctant to seek help for mental health problems than women. Traditional ideas of masculinity are often seen as a cause of this phenomenon. However, little is known about the diversity of experiences during the processes of help-seeking and service use among men with depression who have already utilized mental health services. This study aims to explore men's experiences and attitudes toward depression, help-seeking, and service use in order to develop gender-sensitive services. Methods: Narrative-biographical interviews were conducted with men treated for depression (n = 12). Interview topics included individual experience with depression, help-seeking behavior, and mental health service use. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms. However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use. Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms. The positive function of men-only groups were described as key for successful service use. Conclusions: Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: (i) attitudes toward depression, (ii) perception of societal views on depression, (iii) experiences within the family context and (iv) experiences with mental health services. Interventions to reduce the stigma of being “unmanly” and to improve men's capacity to cope with being unable to work should be developed. Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses. In the context of GPs' mediating role, training for health professionals concerning the impact of masculine norms on mental health is recommended.
Overview
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TL;DR
In narrative-biographical interviews with 12 men treated for depression, internalized masculine norms initially inhibited help-seeking, but service use was retrospectively linked to critical reflection on those norms and a salutogenic view of depression. Men-only peer groups were described as key enablers of disclosure and successful service use.
Key findings
- Before treatment, men reported trivializing symptoms, individualized problem solving, hiding depression due to masculine norms, and avoiding help to protect career options; these categories had 10, 7, 7, and 6 quotations respectively.
- After service use, many described changed attitudes toward mental health problems (11 quotations) and a salutogenic perspective (10 quotations), seeing depression as an important life experience or wake-up call and reflecting critically on masculine norms.
- Stigma was prominent: being assessed as incapable of coping (12 quotations), stigma toward help-seeking and having depression (12), stigma toward inability to work (10), and stigma of being unmanly (8); some also perceived growing acceptance (8).
- Family and service experiences were mixed: loss of empathy in the family (14 quotations), partners’ emotional support (21), service users’ social support (14), group counseling for men (15), and familiarity of peer-led men-only groups (11); 11 of 12 participants were currently utilizing mental health services.
Methods
- Qualitative study nested in the mixed-methods MenDe project; this article reports a third-step re-analysis of 12 narrative-biographical interviews with men treated for depression, recruited inside and outside healthcare settings in Southern Germany. Inclusion criteria were male, aged 18–64, diagnosed or self-identified as having depression, and sufficient German language skills; exclusions were organic mental disorder, dementia, anorexia with BMI <17, addiction, and bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
- Interviews were conducted March–June 2018 by a male researcher (TS), lasted 27–133 min (mean 75 min), and covered depression experience, help-seeking, service use, illness theories, social consequences, coping, and masculinity.
- Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis: deductive categories from the research question and theoretical background, inductive codes from the material, and refinement into themes. Coding was done independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS), with discordant coding discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus; MAXQDA 12 was used.
Limitations
- The paper states that participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, so findings only refer to men who had successfully sought help and cannot explain reasoning in men who never sought help. It also states the small sample size and participants’ high age (mean = 52) prevent revealing age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.
- The paper notes the interviewer was male and that male participants might answer in gender-specific ways, for example by staging themselves as “real men” who never lost control; a qualitative research group with multiple perspectives discussed this bias critically.
- Evident from the text: all participants were recruited in Southern Germany and the sample was predominantly married (9 of 12), limiting transferability beyond this context.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depressive symptoms were not taken seriously by others who alleged that mental disorders are a result of an inability to deal with distress: “I've often heard people say ‘Get a grip! Don't make such a fuss’” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“This perspective awakened them to the need to change harmful attitudes toward work and life: “Before my illness, work came first. And now I have to say I'm the top priority and I only do what is good for me” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Some of them reported having “trivialized” their symptoms in terms of a “temporary” condition, which was expected to return quickly to a normal state of health: “It's a bit difficult at the moment, but it'll be fine again soon” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · hedged
“In line with a critical stance toward masculine norms, the analysis indicates a change in attitudes toward mental health problems during recovery processes.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along these lines, some interviewees described their own as well as men's socialization in general as having an emphasis on avoiding feelings, appearing strong and never crying.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“The majority of interviewees reported that masculine norms influenced their attitudes toward depression as well as their decision to seek help.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, one respondent reported that shortly after being admitted to a psychiatric ward due to a mental breakdown, he asked to be discharged “in order to go to work” (Jack, 50–54 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Most participants reported having tried to solve mental health problems on their own instead of seeking mental health services.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“Interviewees emphasized a salutogenic perspective on depression and help-seeking.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“interviewees described their experiences of inpatient services as an “educational resource”, where they could benefit from fellow patients' life experiences and learn how to cope with depressive symptoms”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents perceived having depression as an important “life experience” (Alex, 55–59 y) or a “necessary wake-up call” (Harry, 45–49 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“In order to meet traditional masculine norms concerning societal roles, respondents decided not to disclose their mental health problems and to post-pone their own needs:”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Interviewees explained low levels of help-seeking behavior as being a means of maintaining their employability as well as to safeguard career options.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant reflected masculine norms meant that he never disclosed mental health problems, saying that “[…] it doesn't exist among men. Men are the breadwinners, the problem solvers, the doers” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Participants referred to a variety of gender-related stigma experiences which could be classified into two categories: firstly, participants reported being assessed as incapable to adequately cope with mental distress.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Some participants viewed their depression primarily as a chance to reflect on their attitudes, which led to positive coping strategies in everyday life (Alex, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Due to their critical stances toward masculine norms, interviewees recommended being “more sensitive to looking after oneself and noticing these warning signs earlier” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“some participants perceived a slowly growing societal acceptance for professional help-seeking”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Some respondents reported a lack of interest as well as a downplaying of depressive symptoms by GPs which led to them no longer seeking help”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“In some men's views, GPs tended to relativize depressive symptoms and recommended calming oneself down.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“other interviewees reported the role of GPs as being a gateway to mental health services and being generally supportive and encouraging as well”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“respondents stated that seeking help continues to be viewed negatively as it is connected with the inability to cope with mental distress”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“On the one hand, they report the adverse impact of masculine norms as well as stigma experiences.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“Participants described a lack of understanding regarding their depression and their “inability” to recover”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that men do not necessarily subscribe to traditional ideals but demonstrate alternative forms of masculinity (4).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Krumm, 2017, Men's views on depression: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research, Psychopathology source
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In the paper
“Previous studies on mental health professionals' view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression stress the need to develop gender-sensitive services (14).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stiawa, 2020, Mental health professionals view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression - a qualitative study, BMC Psychiatry source
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In the paper
“Research often suggests that men's help-seeking behavior regarding depression is attributed to traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, self-reliant, in control, and capable, along with an emphasis on avoiding emotions (2).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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In the paper
“These findings suggest that men consulted a GP prior to counseling, which led to both negative and positive experiences.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Harding, 2015, It's not about “freudian couches and personality changing drugs”: an investigation into men's mental health help-seeking enablers, Am J Mens Health source
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In the paper
“To try to control this bias a qualitative research group with several perspectives (men and women, different professions etc.) discussed this issue critically.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“The interviews were coded independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS) so that coding could be compared.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“Discordant coding was discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus was reached.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“men's decision not to seek help is accompanied by the concern that they would be making fools of themselves and expect social isolation as a consequence of not matching masculine role norms (20)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Adverse Impact of Masculine Norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Sierra Hernandez, 2014, Understanding help-seeking among depressed men, Psychol Men Masc source
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In the paper
“One pilot interview was conducted with no changes for the interview guide.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Instrument
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In the paper
“The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Ulm University, Germany (Ref. Nr. 202/15).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Ethics Statement
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In the paper
“Results of a study about work values across generations suggests that workers from the generation of traditionalists placed more importance on status and autonomy than baby boomers or Generation X workers (30).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Transformation of Attitudes During Recovery Processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Hansen, 2012, Work values across generations, J Career Assess. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Others pointed out time restrictions that undermine GPs' capacity to effectively diagnose and treat depression (25).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Ohtsuki, 2012, Attitudes toward depression among Japanese non-psychiatric medical doctors: a cross-sectional study, BMC Res Notes source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“previous research also finding that men emphasized GPs' supportive role and stressed that a positive relationship between patient and GP facilitates mental health service use (26)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cramer, 2014, Do depressed and anxious men do groups? What works and what are the barriers to help seeking?, Prim Health Care Res Dev source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Ethics Statement
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In the paper
“Another limitation is the small sample size as well as participants' high age (mean = 52), which means it is not possible to reveal age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
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The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.
“Beyond this, there is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.
“Moreover, the impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
More evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.
“On the other hand, more evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.
“Despite emerging evidence for the diversity of men's experiences of help-seeking and service use, many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity.
“In contrast to the assumption that psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity (27)”
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In the citing paper
“Patients with depression may be undertreated with antidepressant therapies (ADTs), as observed in a longitudinal study involving 789 primary care patients with depressive symptoms, in which 41% were undertreated (ie, did not receive ADTs even though an ADT was indicated).35,36”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
James is described as a father but has no children listed
MinorJames says he is a father, but his Table 2 entry has a dash in the children column. The table's total of seven participants with children also excludes him.
““My family couldn't understand that I, a father, didn't go to the hardware store today, because I didn't feel good. It was never really recognized” (James, 55–59 y).”
“| James | 55–59 | On sick leave (construction) | Married | – | – | Psychologist |”
Citations
Cites
Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205278639 · Cited by 9,367
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848
Mayring, P. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-1.2.1089 · Cited by 6,604
Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma
Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004 · Cited by 1,832
Biographieforschung und narratives Interview
Schütze, F. (2016) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvdf09cn.6 · Cited by 1,580
The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review
Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002 · Cited by 1,093
Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices
CORRIGAN, P. W., LARSON, J. E., & RÜSCH, N. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x · Cited by 1,074
Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007 · Cited by 603
Men's accounts of depression: Reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity?
Emslie, C., Ridge, D., Ziebland, S., & Hunt, K. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.017 · Cited by 420
Men’s discourses of help‐seeking in the context of depression
Johnson, J. L., Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Galdas, P., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2012) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01372.x · Cited by 238 · cited 1×
“Qualitative studies have also explored the characteristics of positive attitudes during and after the mental help-seeking process (28, 29).”
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Men’s Experiences of Mental Illness Stigma Across the Lifespan: A Scoping Review
McKenzie, S., Oliffe, J. L., Black, A., & Collings, S. C. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221074789 · Cited by 145
“For men with depression and a history of mental health service use, interactions with fellow services users provided valuable peer support and a destigmatizing “sheltered space” (Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMokhwelepa, L. W., & Sumbane, G. O. (2025) · American Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.1177/15579883251321670 · Cited by 103
“There is substantial evidence that men are reluctant to seek mental health treatment across diverse global contexts, spanning both high-and low-income settings (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Gender Differences in Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes among Family Caregivers: A Systematic Review
Bueno, M., & Chase, J. D. (2022) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459221099672 · Cited by 63
“Men are found to have far less health-seeking behaviors than women and are less likely to ask for help for their own mental health (Parent et al., 2018; Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Men’s Engagement and Disengagement When Seeking Support for Mental Health
Kwon, M., Lawn, S., & Kaine, C. (2023) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883231157971 · Cited by 50
“…in mental health care and the need for a gendersensitive approach considering traditional masculinity and the significance of community involvement (Gough & Novikova, 2020; Lefkowich et al., 2017; McKenzie et al., 2018; Sagar-Ouriaghli et al., 2019; Seidler et al., 2018; Staigar et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDigital health technologies and major depressive disorder
McIntyre, R. S., Greenleaf, W., Bulaj, G., Taylor, S. T., Mitsi, G., Saliu, D., Czysz, A., Silvesti, G., Garcia, M., & Jain, R. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923002225 · Cited by 38
“19 Men tend to experience higher levels of stigma regarding help-seeking and having depression than women, 21 which may result in higher rates of suicide.”
BackgroundEl-Hachem, S. S., Lakkis, N. A., Osman, M. H., Issa, H. G., & Beshara, R. Y. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02470-8 · Cited by 53
Mental Health Help-Seeking Behaviour in Men
Smith, G. D., & Hebdon, M. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15869 · Cited by 32
Seidler, Z. E., Wilson, M. J., Owen, J. J., Oliffe, J. L., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Kealy, D., & Rice, S. (2021) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.1177/10608265211035941 · Cited by 27
“Dominant masculine ideals throughout much of the Western world can dictate that those who identify as men should be seen as strong, self-reliant, and stoic, especially in the face of adversity and have long been linked to men’s relatively low rates of mental health help-seeking (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Kilian et al., 2…”
BackgroundFillipo, I. G., Pullmann, M. D., Hull, T. D., Zech, J. M., Wu, J., Litvin, B., Chen, S., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.963741 · Cited by 29
“While in general, men are overrepresented in biomedical research, they are historically under-represented in mental health research (48), and are less likely to use psychosocial treatment (49).”
BackgroundMcLafferty, M., Brown, N., Brady, J., McLaughlin, J., Hugh, R. M., Ward, C., McBride, L., Bjourson, A. J., O’Neill, S. M., Walsh, C. P., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279618 · Cited by 33
Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide Among Adolescents: Sex Differences and Future Perspectives
Toro, G. V. R., Arias, P., de la Torre‐Luque, A., Singer, J. B., & Lagunas, N. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103446 · Cited by 38
“Other studies also confirm that traditional masculinity norms reduces the likelihood of help-seeking behavior, thereby reinforcing gender-based social constructs [83].”
Jóźwik, S., Wrzeciono, A., Cieślik, B., Kiper, P., Szczepańska-Gieracha, J., & Gajda, R. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10040745 · Cited by 22
Does Thor ask Iron Man for Help? Examining Help-Seeking Behaviors in Marvel Superheroes
Shawcroft, J. E., & Coyne, S. M. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01301-5 · Cited by 19
“…pressure to seem manly posed an initial barrier for men struggling with depression to seek treatment, after beginning or after treatment, many men’s attitudes towards help-seeking became more positive (Staiger et al., 2020). acculturation” to social norms and expectations (Bandura, 2001, p. 271).”
Backgroundvon Zimmermann, C., Hübner, M., Mühle, C., Müller, C. P., Weinland, C., Kornhuber, J., & Lenz, B. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01567-0 · Cited by 19
“Depressed men's help-seeking behavior has been described as negatively affected by masculine norms [20, 44] previously.”
BackgroundMapping Men’s Mental Health Help-Seeking After an Intimate Partner Relationship Break-Up
Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Montaner, G. G., Seidler, Z. E., Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Rice, S. (2022) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323221110974 · Cited by 20
“…affirming previous qualitative work (Emslie et al., 2006; Ferlatte et al., 2019; Krumm et al., 2017; Oliffe et al., 2021; Player et al., 2015; Staiger et al., 2020), our findings highlight the potential for men to be self-directed and agentic in their pursuit of, and openness to receiving…”
ResultConnecting Australian Masculinities and Culture to Mental Health: Men’s Perspectives and Experiences
Sharp, P., Oliffe, J. L., Bottorff, J. L., Rice, S., Schulenkorf, N., & Caperchione, C. M. (2023) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x221149985 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, men’s embodiment of normative masculinities, and their intersection with manly identities, can negatively impact mental health and help-seeking behaviour (Staiger et al. 2020; Vogel and Heath 2016).”
BackgroundWang, S., Eklund, L., & Yang, X. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604922 · Cited by 15
Özbay, A., & Bülbül, A. (2024) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23150 · Cited by 19
Mootz, J. J., Fennig, M., & Wainberg, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108694 · Cited by 19
Ji, L., Qiao, X., Jin, Y., Si, H., Liu, X., & Wang, C. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.12.010 · Cited by 15
Help‐seeking and Man Therapy: The impact of an online suicide intervention
Gilgoff, J. N., Wagner, F. A., Frey, J. J., & Osteen, P. J. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12929 · Cited by 14
Teese, R., Doorn, G. H. V., & Gill, P. R. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111877 · Cited by 13
A Duty to Care: Male Perspectives on the Caregiver Role for Persons With Alzheimer’s or Dementia
Bueno, M. V. (2025) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/10748407231222291 · Cited by 13
“Prior literature found that masculine norms and attitudes toward mental health issues play a major role in why men do not seek help for themselves (Parent et al., 2018; Staiger et al., 2020).”
Cerutti, R., Spensieri, V., Amendola, S., Biuso, G. S., Renzi, A., & Tambelli, R. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22785 · Cited by 12
“One potential interpretation of this phenomenon could be that females are used to paying more attention to their emotional and psychological difficulties and less resistant to seeking help with coping with them, although sex‐related differences in mental health problems did not emerge (Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMen’s Behavior and Communication in the Days Prior to a Suicide—A Psychological Autopsy Study
Hofmann, L., & Wagner, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20176668 · Cited by 13
“In addition to the already reduced willingness to seek help due to the prevailing masculinity norms, stigmatization, or fear of being seen as weak [12,20], men are less likely to feel they need psychosocial support, even if they report problems with their mental health [21].”
BackgroundPersonality and help-seeking for psychological distress: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Szücs, A., Lam, R. H. X., Tang, W. S. W., Zhou, L., Lazarus, M., Maier, A. B., & Valderas, J. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1405167 · Cited by 18
Campbell, G. M., Williamson, V., & Murphy, D. (2023) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x231182140 · Cited by 10
Ford, P. A., & Keane, C. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29114 · Cited by 13
“That is, men demonstrate more negative help-seeking attitudes [6], reduced intention to seek help [36], and fewer help-seeking behaviours [37].”
BackgroundThe main predictors of well-being and productivity from a gender perspective
Martínez-Martínez, K., Llorens, S., Cruz-Ortiz, V., Reyes-Luján, J. J., & Salanova, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1478826 · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, HRM must pay more attention to prevent mobbing in men, gender-sensitive interventions breaking down gender stereotypes to stimulate men in the communication of vulnerability can help (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Bondar, L. I., Iovanovici, D. C., Măduța, V., Butari, D. B., Șandor, F. M., Mariș, M. A., Piroș, L. E., Miuţa, C. C., Toderescu, C. D., & Popescu, M. I. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14030837 · Cited by 12
Exploring the Experiences of Living With the Post‐COVID Syndrome: A Qualitative Study
Kalfas, M., Jolley, C. J., Hart, N., Rafferty, G. F., Duncan, E. L., Nicholson, T. R., Ashworth, M. J., Brewin, D., Barrett, B. M., Witard, O. C., et al. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.14108 · Cited by 9
“Men's difficulty in talking about their mental health and experience of stigma is well documented in the literature [33, 37, 38].”
BackgroundWu, X., Zhang, N., Chao, J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.07.012 · Cited by 9
Lu, J., Sun, H., Liu, N., Qiu, J., & Xia, X. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14133 · Cited by 9
Cooper, S., Péloquin, T., Lachowsky, N. J., Salway, T. J., Oliffe, J. L., Klassen, B., Brennan, D. J., Houle, J., & Ferlatte, O. (2023) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883231206618 · Cited by 16
“This cultural ideal emphasizes heterosexuality, competitiveness, strength, power, and control (McVittie et al., 2017), positioning men and masculine ideals as dominant over marginalized men and women and feminine practices (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005; Staiger et al., 2020).”
Backgroundvan Doorn, M., Monsanto, A., Boeschoten, C. M., van Amelsvoort, T., Popma, A., Öry, F. G., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., Jaspers, M., & Nieman, D. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.1020753 · Cited by 9
Scott, H., Muench, A., Appleton, S., Reynolds, A. C., Loffler, K. A., Bickley, K., Haycock, J., Lovato, N., Micic, G., Lack, L. C., et al. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.034 · Cited by 7
Chen, E. Y., & Tung, E. Y. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01630-5 · Cited by 7
“First, the identified similarities in the trajectories of depressive symptoms in the six gender-race/ethnicity groups can help debunk stigma and misconceptions of depressive symptoms, such as women are more depressed than men and depressed males are “unmanly” [65].”
Seidler, Z. E., Sheldrake, M., Rice, S., Wilson, M. J., Benakovic, R., Fisher, K., & McGee, M. L. (2025) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241311557 · Cited by 6
“That is, men’s desire for control and personal agency for decision-making and drawing on resilience and coping resources (Gough & Novikova, 2020; Seidler et al., 2021; Staiger et al., 2020; Swetlitz et al., 2024).”
Chen, T., Cao, Z., Ferland, F., Farand, L., & Fleury, M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21020234 · Cited by 6
“This is underscored by the fact that the men in Profile 2 were the majority and had the highest percentage of serious psychiatric disorders but were still triaged at lower priority [71].”
BackgroundZintel, S., Schmidt, L. I., Neubauer, A. B., Stoffel, M., Rafiee, Y., Ditzen, B., & Sieverding, M. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107480 · Cited by 5
Lok, R., & Law, Y. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100596 · Cited by 7
Dabala, O., Abdulahi, M., & Worku, B. T. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241277100 · Cited by 5
“Traditional masculinity norms also result in a lack of recognition and barriers to the treatment of postpartum depression in men (Seidler et al., 2016; Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundJemiluyi, O. (2024) · French Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/09571558241262682 · Cited by 5
“…et al., 2020: 3), gender role expectations (Hentschel et al., 2019: 2; Reidy et al., 2018: 560), mental health stigma (McKenzie et al., 2022: 2; Staiger et al., 2020: 2), health-related suffering rooted in the tendency not to share health concerns or seek medical help (Banks, 2001: 1058;…”
Aguayo, F. (2022) · Psicologia & Sociedade · doi:10.1590/1807-0310/2022v34251463 · Cited by 4
Shapiro, G. K., Mah, K., de Vries, F. E., Zimmermann, C., Li, M., Hales, S., & Rodin, G. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000076 · Cited by 4
Ngwenya, M. W., & Sumbane, G. O. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.108493 · Cited by 4
Chok, L., Surı́s, J.-C., & Barrense‐Dias, Y. (2023) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-10-2022-0135 · Cited by 4
Fox, A. B., Baier, A. L., Alpert, E., Nillni, Y. I., & Galovski, T. E. (2023) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2023.0078 · Cited by 4
“65,66 Al-ternatively, other coping strategies that increase resilience through enhanced feelings of self-control may be more protective against mental health problems for male Veterans.”
Krumm, S., Krieg, G., Lamp, N., Marek, F., Nickel, P., Panzirsch, M., Stiawa, M., Beschoner, P., Brieger, P., Frasch, K., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04979-3 · Cited by 4
“The interview guide is developed by the research group, based on relevant literature and experiences gained from the previous MenDe study [1, 2, 31, 47].”
MethodSelf-citationValerius, K., von Eitzen, L., Göbel, M., Ohlbrecht, H., van den Berg, N., Völzke, H., Grabe, H. J., Schomerus, G., & Speerforck, S. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05521-9 · Cited by 4
“This is in contrast with more inconsistent findings on the role of family doctors in a study in an urban setting where family doctors not only acted as a helpful gateway to mental health services but also as a deterrent to further help-seeking [41].”
BackgroundResultGender differences in self-reported hearing loss and hearing aid use: a cross-national comparison
Lam, A., Vierboom, Y. C., & West, J. S. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017655 · Cited by 3
Graney, J., Ibrahim, S., Tham, S.-G., Turnbull, P., Appleby, L., Kapur, N., & Rodway, C. (2024) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000319 · Cited by 4
“…central to their identity, the loss of a job, money and housing problems, therefore having a greater impact on them than on women or younger men 34 Consequently, substantial and long-term economic support and targeted interventions are important suicide prevention measures for middle-aged men who…”
What psychologists need to know about men and suicide
King, K., Burley, A., Seidler, Z. E., Armstrong, G., & Vijayakumar, L. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2404116 · Cited by 4
“Formal help-seeking arguably exists as a process fundamentally in contradiction with core tenets of traditional masculinity (e.g., emotional communication) (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Social Workers’ Working Experiences with Men in the Provision of Mental Health Services
Akçay, S., & Akar, B. (2025) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2025.2467391 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies showed that some older men started treatment due to their motivation to work again (Stiawa et al., 2020), and some men define the depression process as a struggle, as a result of which they become much stronger (Emslie et al., 2006).”
AM I OK ? Investigating the Lived Experience of Emotional Differentiation in a Sample of Irish Men
O’Leary, D., & McAuliffe, A. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70030 · Cited by 3
Nugent, C., Verlander, N. Q., Varma, S., Bradley, D. T., & Patterson, L. (2022) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268822000644 · Cited by 3
“Stigma associated with helpseeking perpetuates this reluctance [35].”
Gender influences on cannabis use among treatment-seeking adults: a qualitative study
Wright, M., Matheson, J., Watson, T. M., Sproule, B. A., Foll, B. L., & Brands, B. (2023) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2023.2248356 · Cited by 3
“When men do present to treatment, screening for adherence to masculine norms, and encouraging men to reflect on the extent to which their adherence to these norms may be impacting their cannabis use may help in developing treatment approaches and goals (Staiger et al., 2020; Teese et al., 2023).”
Takashi, N., Musumari, P. M., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Ono‐Kihara, M., Kihara, M., & Nakayama, T. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2133177 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies reported that men are less likely than women to express their psychological and emotional problems, such as depression and distress, to healthcare professionals [54–56].”
BackgroundZakaria, M., Bardoe, D., Bio, R. B., Yar, D. D., & Hayford, D. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000478 · Cited by 3
“This may delay the acknowledgement and treatment of their stress symptoms, leading to escalating mental health issues [67].”
Martopullo, C., Oberoi, D. V., Carlson, L. E., & Bultz, B. D. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000091 · Cited by 2
“This is consistent with many studies indicating that men attend mixed gendered groups less regularly, and even when they do, they seem unwilling to discuss symptoms perceived as embarrassing or dive into emotional or sexual discussions about their illness.([34,35]) The reported positive functioning of men-only group c…”
BackgroundCross-cultural perspectives on mental health shame among male workers
Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. E., Aledeh, M., Edwards, A., Veasey, C. M., Barnes, K., Komorowska, M. A., Adam, H., & Kirkman, A. (2023) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.22514/jomh.2023.018 · Cited by 6
Gender sensitivity of the COVID-19 mental health research in Europe: a scoping review
López-Atanes, M., Sáenz-Herrero, M., Zach, N., Lakeberg, M., Ugedo, A., Fraile-García, E., Erkoreka, L., Segarra, R., Schäfer, I., & Brand, T. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02286-1 · Cited by 2
“Indeed, they too were undoubtedly affected by patient deaths during the pandemic, but were less likely to seek support given the traditional male norm of being strong, in control, and able to avoid emotions [128].”
BackgroundLalaki ka, hindi ka dapat umiiyak!: barriers of help-seeking behaviour in Filipino men
Quiambao, G. M. C. A., Salaria, J. R., Bucad, M. M. B., Feltis, C. A., & Embalsado, J. V. M. (2024) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2024.2425698 · Cited by 3
Breaking Barriers: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions in Male Mental Health
Singh, T., Mittal, S., Tushir, B., Kaur, H., & Agrawal, C. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-1288-0_156 · Cited by 3
Hughes, L., Taylor, R. M., Fern, L. A., Monaghan, L., Flint, B., Gibbons, S., & Petrella, A. R. (2023) · Continuity & Resilience Review · doi:10.1108/crr-10-2022-0024 · Cited by 2
Social Construct of Masculinity Towards Mental Health: A Literature Review
Harianti, W. S. (2023) · European journal of behavioral sciences · doi:10.33422/ejbs.v6i3.1103 · Cited by 8
Chiou, K. S., Stump, J. L., Reisher, P., & Trexler, L. E. (2024) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2024.2326054 · Cited by 1
“For example, in certain cultures, women tend to have more open attitudes toward seeking help for mental health needs (24), while men with internalized masculine norms may report feeling a stigma of ‘unmanliness’ for engaging in help-seeking behaviors (25).”
BackgroundAdu, P., Grigoryev, D. S., Rita, H. A., Mbinta, J. F., Jarvis, G. E., & Jurcik, T. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200406 · Cited by 1
Religion, Masculinity, and the Mental Health of African Men
Ojedokun, O., & Adebayo, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62891-7_41-1 · Cited by 1
Ding, Y., Xiang, J., Hu, Y., Wu, L., Lu, Z., & Ye, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20250320-03 · Cited by 1
Depresión masculina: barreras para la búsqueda de ayuda en hombres adultos en Chile
Aguayo, F., & Rivera-Aguilera, G. (2025) · Quaderns de Psicología · doi:10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.2138 · Cited by 1
Tsybuliak, N., Kolomiiets, U., Mytsyk, H., Popova, A., Lopatina, H., & Suchikova, Y. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9937337 · Cited by 2
Akçay, S., Akar, B., & Köse, Ö. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70126 · Cited by 1
Su, X., & Peng, Z. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apjon.2026.100956 · Cited by 1
“56 The institutional gap, failing to provide even “ a small room for pouring out one's heart ” , constitutes a systemic neglect of survivors' psychosocial needs.”
Gupta, S., Occhino-Moede, L., Liu, E., Baek, T., Sulivan-Pascual, K., Phelan, K., Schug, E., Mirkis, M., Visher, T. C., Pasupulety, U., et al. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/94674 · Cited by 2
Mokhtar, D., Wang, H. D., Garland, E. C., Shakya, D., Occhino-Moede, L., Liu, E., & Frank, A. C. (2026) · Journal of Participatory Medicine · doi:10.2196/98822 · Cited by 2
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“Another potential explanation might be the phenomenon of gender-related differences in health behaviour and the fact that women generally tend to visit physicians earlier and more often than men, that might lead to the larger pool of undetected male glaucoma patients in the general population [11].”
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“For instance, cultural expectations emphasizing stoicism and self-reliance contribute to delays in seeking medical attention, even for severe health conditions, as observed across diverse global settings [3].”
Götzl, C., Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T. M., Kilian, R., & Krumm, S. (2021) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-1667-9363 · Cited by 1
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“This could also partly explain why men report their depression or seek help at a lesser frequency than women (Oliffe et al., 2016; Staiger et al., 2020).”
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“Moreover, the hesitancy of some men to seek out social support for mental health problems (McKenzie et al., 2018; Staiger et al., 2020) may have made them more susceptible to the isolation stress and more likely to use alcohol as a coping mechanism for being alone.”
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“Some men have commented on the need to reduce the stigma that receiving treatment is ‘unmanly’ (Staiger et al., 2020).”
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“Gender variations in psychological assistance-seeking behaviour have been studied, revealing that cultural expectations and gender norms may impact how individuals express and seek support (Staiger et al., 2020).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T., Frasch, K., Panzirsch, M., Schmauß, M., & Krumm, S.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Augsburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Staiger, Tobias
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-24
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 599039-599039
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7732518
- OpenAlex
- W3106546635
- Semantic Scholar
- f0c128eca3d26e5ecc489f8d7104ab605ca55fcf
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 19.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- masculinity, help-seeking, male depression, masculine norms, mental health service utilization, gender-sensitive services, salutogenic perspective, stigma, attitudes toward depression, family environment, general practitioners, peer-led intervention
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