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Cited by 201Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPrenatal Substance Exposure EffectsInfant Development and Preterm Care

Environmental risk factors by gender associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Silva, Desiree, Colvin, Lyn, Hagemann, Erika, Bower, Carol·2014·PEDIATRICS
DOI 10.1542/peds.2013-1434
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Early environmental risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasingly suggested. Our study investigates the maternal, pregnancy, and newborn risk factors by gender for children prescribed stimulant medication for treatment of ADHD in Western Australia. METHODS: This is a population-based, record linkage case-control study. The records of all non-Aboriginal children and adolescents born in Western Australia and aged <25 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed stimulant medication (cases = 12,991) were linked to the Midwives Notification System (MNS) to obtain maternal, pregnancy, and birth information. The control population of 30,071 children was randomly selected from the MNS. RESULTS: Mothers of children with ADHD were significantly more likely to be younger, be single, have smoked in pregnancy, have labor induced, and experience threatened preterm labor, preeclampsia, urinary tract infection in pregnancy, or early term delivery irrespective of the gender of the child, compared with the control group. In the fully adjusted model, a novel finding was of a possible protective effect of oxytocin augmentation in girls. Low birth weight, postterm pregnancy, small for gestational age infant, fetal distress, and low Apgar scores were not identified as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking in pregnancy, maternal urinary tract infection, being induced, and experiencing threatened preterm labor increase the risk of ADHD, with little gender difference, although oxytocin augmentation of labor appears protective for girls. Early term deliveries marginally increased the risk of ADHD. Studies designed to disentangle possible mechanisms, confounders, or moderators of these risk factors are warranted.

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  • Prenatal and perinatal factors including maternal alcohol consumption and smoking, maternal stress, and low birth weight and prematurity are frequently associated with ADHD.

    “Prenatal and perinatal factors, including maternal alcohol consumption and smoking (Yoshimasu et al., 2009; Silva et al., 2014; Schwenke et al., 2018), maternal stress (Grizenko et al., 2008; Van Batenburg-Eddes et al., 2013; Glover, 2014), and low birth weight and prematurity (Mick et al., 2002; Thapar et al., 2013) are frequently associated with ADHD.”

    From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Silva et al., 2014

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Authors
Silva, D., Colvin, L., Hagemann, E., & Bower, C.
Affiliations
  • The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
  • Fremantle Speech Pathology Services, Fremantle, Australia
ORCID
Venue
PEDIATRICS
Publisher
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published
2014-01-01
Volume
133
Issue
1
Pages
e14-e22
ISSN
  • 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-4275
DOI
10.1542/peds.2013-1434
OpenAlex
W2150392790
Cited by
201
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15
FWCI
11.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Australian Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, environmental risk factors, smoking during pregnancy, urinary tract infection in pregnancy, threatened preterm labor, labor induction, oxytocin augmentation, sex differences, stimulant medication, pregnancy complications, Western Australia
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Apgar Score, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Environment, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Labor, Induced, Male, Maternal Behavior, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Western Australia, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight, Young Adult

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