Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes.

Willcutt, Erik G.; Nigg, Joel T.; Pennington, Bruce F.; Solanto, Mary V.; Rohde, Luis A.; Tannock, Rosemary; Loo, Sandra K.; Carlson, Caryn L.; McBurnett, Keith; Lahey, Benjamin B.

doi:10.1037/a0027347

Cited by 887Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes.

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Willcutt, Erik G., Nigg, Joel T., Pennington, Bruce F., Solanto, Mary V., Rohde, Luis A., Tannock, Rosemary, Loo, Sandra K., Carlson, Caryn L. +2 more·2012·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0027347PMC PMC3622557

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Abstract

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) specify two dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms that are used to define three nominal subtypes: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-H), predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), and combined type (ADHD-C). To aid decision making for DSM-5 and other future diagnostic systems, a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of 546 studies was completed to evaluate the validity of the DSM-IV model of ADHD. Results indicated that DSM-IV criteria identify individuals with significant and persistent impairment in social, academic, occupational, and adaptive functioning when intelligence, demographic factors, and concurrent psychopathology are controlled. Available data overwhelmingly support the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of the distinction between inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, and indicate that nearly all differences among the nominal subtypes are consistent with the relative levels of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms that define the subtypes. In contrast, the DSM-IV subtype model is compromised by weak evidence for the validity of ADHD-H after first grade, minimal support for the distinction between ADHD-I and ADHD-C in studies of etiological influences, academic and cognitive functioning, and treatment response, and the marked longitudinal instability of all three subtypes. Overall, we conclude that the DSM-IV ADHD subtypes provide a convenient clinical shorthand to describe the functional and behavioral correlates of current levels of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but do not identify discrete subgroups with sufficient long-term stability to justify the classification of distinct forms of the disorder. Empirical support is stronger for an alternative model that would replace the subtypes with dimensional modifiers that reflect the number of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms at the time of assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).

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Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms correlate with rejection by peers, aggression, dangerous driving, and unintentional injuries.
“Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are associated with peer rejection, aggression, risky driving behaviors and accidental injuries.”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012
The Functional impairment > Symptom dimensions passage (page not provided) reports associations between hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms and overt peer rejection, relational aggression, and more frequent accidental injuries. It does not report an association with risky driving behaviors; a search for driving found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Inattentive symptoms show stronger links to academic difficulties, low self-esteem, poor occupational results, and lower adaptive functioning.
“Meta-analyses indicate that inattention is more strongly associated with academic impairment, low self-esteem, negative occupational outcomes and lower overall adaptive functioning.”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012
The Functional impairment > Symptom dimensions passage reports stronger associations for inattention than hyperactivity-impulsivity with academic impairment across ages and impaired adaptive functioning in children and adolescents. It does not report stronger associations with low self-esteem or negative occupational outcomes, and its adaptive-functioning finding is not stated for adults. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The two most prevalent and valid diagnostic subtypes of ADHD are the combined subtype (ADHD-C) and the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I).
“The two most prevalent and valid diagnostic subtypes of ADHD are the combined subtype (ADHD-C) and the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I; [7, 64, 65]).”
From Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
The Temporal stability and developmental course > Subtypes section finds ADHD-H less stable than ADHD-C or ADHD-I and says this seriously challenges ADHD-H’s validity, particularly after early childhood. But Overall Conclusions > Conclusion 3 questions the discriminant validity of ADHD-C and ADHD-I, and the passages found do not establish that they are the two most prevalent subtypes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The finding that impaired ADHD-C children had more teacher-rated inattention symptoms is consistent with previous studies demonstrating that inattention, not hyperactivity/impulsivity, is associated with neuropsychological impairment in children with ADHD.
“and with previous studies demonstrating that inattention, not hyperactivity/impulsivity, is associated with neuropsychological impairment in children with ADHD [7, 20, 27, 55, 56]”
From Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The two symptom dimensions have different patterns of co-occurring disorders.
“Patterns of associated disorders also differ between the dimensions”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012

Some studies have shown an instability or shift in ADHD subtypes over years in children with ADHD.
“Some studies have shown an instability or shift in subtypes over years in children with ADHD [61, 62].”
From ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
Children with any current ADHD presentation specifiers were eligible given the instability of ADHD presentations.
“Children with any current ADHD presentation specifiers were eligible given the instability of ADHD presentations (92–94).”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
In ADHD, hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattentive patterns change over the course of development, and research published over the last two decades has proposed a potential late-onset form, although this remains controversial.
“In ADHD, hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattentive patterns change over the course of development, and research published over the last two decades has proposed the existence of a potential ‘late-onset’ form, although this remains controversial25,27,307,308.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [307]
BGB targets multiple EFs that are commonly impaired in children with ADHD: visuospatial WM, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility.
“BGB targets multiple EFs that are commonly impaired in children with ADHD: visuospatial WM, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility [51].”
From Improving Executive Functioning in Children with ADHD: Training Multiple Executive Functions within the Context of a Computer Game. A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial (2015) · cites this paper as [51]
Hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention-disorganization comprise two partially separable symptom domains with distinct validation in factor structure, clinical correlates, and neurobiology.
“Although they co-occur sufficiently often to be clustered in the syndrome of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention-disorganization comprise two partially separable symptom domains with distinct validation in regard to factor structure, clinical correlates, and neurobiology (Willcutt et al., 2012).”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012
Central executive working memory and sustained attention have been repeatedly linked to important behavioral and functional outcomes in children with ADHD.
“these specific neurocognitive functions have been linked repeatedly with important behavioral and functional outcomes for children with ADHD.”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012
Other meta-analyses show that set-shifting problems, when present, are often smaller than deficits in sustained attention and working memory.
“Other meta-analyses have also shown that problems in set-shifting, if present, are often smaller in magnitude than deficits such as sustained attention and working memory (Willcutt et al., 2012).”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012
Many, if not most, children with ADHD show impairments in central executive working memory and sustained attention.
“many, if not most, children with ADHD display impairments in these areas (Rapport et al., 2013; Willcutt et al., 2012).”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Willcutt et al., 2012
Research has generally not supported the idea that SCT identifies a pure inattentive presentation of ADHD.
“while research has not generally supported this possibility [4]”
From Advancing the study of sluggish cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology (2019) · cites this paper as [4]

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Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptom Severity Associated with Tobacco Use?
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Use of medication by young people with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Statistical Analyses of Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head of the Caudate Nucleus in Colombian Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Agreement Rates Between Parent and Self-Report on Past ADHD Symptoms in an Adult Clinical Sample
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American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1994 American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC Fourth Edition
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The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review
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The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder
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Practitioner Review: What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD?
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Distinct neural signatures detected for ADHD subtypes after controlling for micro-movements in resting state functional connectivity MRI data
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Green and blue spaces and behavioral development in Barcelona schoolchildren: The BREATHE project
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Subtyping Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Temperament Dimensions: Toward Biologically Based Nosologic Criteria
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Retracted
Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Current Issues in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder
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Improving Executive Functioning in Children with ADHD: Training Multiple Executive Functions within the Context of a Computer Game. A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial
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Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: subtle but important
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Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions
Bölte, S., Neufeld, J., Marschik, P. B., Williams, Z. J., Gallagher, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and its Relation with DSM–IV ADHD
Willcutt, E. G., Chhabildas, N., Kinnear, M., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., Leopold, D. R., Keenan, J. M., & Pennington, B. F. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9800-6 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
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Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders
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Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo symptom dimension in children: sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention as distinct symptom dimensions
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Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention
Mueller, A., Hong, D. S., Shepard, S., & Moore, T. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.009 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Parent–teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms across development.
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Social and academic impairment in youth with ADHD, predominately inattentive type and sluggish cognitive tempo
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Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia
Arnett, A. B., Pennington, B. F., Peterson, R. L., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12691 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
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Hyperactivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Impairing Deficit or Compensatory Behavior?
Sarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Raiker, J. S., & Friedman, L. M. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0011-1 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in <scp>ADHD</scp> science – from characterization to cause
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Becker, S. P., Bölte, S., Castellanos, F. X., Franke, B., Newcorn, J. H., Nigg, J. T., Rohde, L. A., & Simonoff, E. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13696 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
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ADHD and personality: a meta-analytic review
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Lead and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms: a meta-analysis
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo throughout childhood: Temporal invariance and stability from preschool through ninth grade
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Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is Associated With Academic Functioning and Internalizing Symptoms in College Students With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: SCT in College Students
Becker, S. P., Langberg, J. M., Luebbe, A. M., Dvorsky, M. R., & Flannery, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22046 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Working memory and organizational skills problems in <scp>ADHD</scp>
Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Harmon, S. L., Moltisanti, A., Aduen, P. A., Soto, E. F., & Ferretti, N. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12773 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes Within ADHD?
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ADHD in DSM-5: a field trial in a large, representative sample of 18- to 19-year-old adults
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Sluggish cognitive tempo in psychiatrically hospitalized children: factor structure and relations to internalizing symptoms, social problems, and observed behavioral dysregulation
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“Braingame Brian”: Toward an Executive Function Training Program with Game Elements for Children with ADHD and Cognitive Control Problems
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Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children
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Multiclass Classification for the Differential Diagnosis on the ADHD Subtypes Using Recursive Feature Elimination and Hierarchical Extreme Learning Machine: Structural MRI Study
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Heterogeneity in development of aspects of working memory predicts longitudinal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom change.
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Computer-based Cognitive Training for ADHD
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Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neurocognitive predictors of peer, family, and academic functioning
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“The “AND” criteria required the child to meet symptom thresholds based on both parent and teacher report (Willcutt et al., 2012).”
Background
Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches
Chacko, A., Kofler, M., & Jarrett, M. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0171-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
ADHD Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to Self-Report and Laboratory Measures of Neuropsychological Functioning in College Students
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Classification Accuracy of Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects of Sample Size and Circular Analysis
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Advancing the study of sluggish cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology
Becker, S. P., & Willcutt, E. G. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1136-x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Performance-based tests versus behavioral ratings in the assessment of executive functioning in preschoolers: associations with ADHD symptoms and reading achievement
Miranda, A., Colomer, C., Mercader, J., Fernández, M. I., & Presentación, M. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00545 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with and without ADHD: differentiation from adolescent-reported ADHD inattention and unique associations with internalizing domains
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A Cognitive Dimensional Approach to Understanding Shared and Unique Contributions to Reading, Math, and Attention Skills
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Are sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness distinct constructs?
Langberg, J. M., Becker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., & Luebbe, A. M. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036276 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Reward and punishment sensitivity are differentially associated with ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in children
Becker, S. P., Fite, P. J., Garner, A. A., Greening, L., Stoppelbein, L., & Luebbe, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.07.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Predictors of adolescent outcomes among 4–6-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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Topical review: sluggish cognitive tempo: research findings and relevance for pediatric psychology
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Sluggish cognitive tempo and peer functioning in school-aged children: a six-month longitudinal study
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What Is to Be the Fate of ADHD Subtypes? An Introduction to the Special Section on Research on the ADHD Subtypes and Implications for theDSM–V
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Differentiating SCT and inattentive symptoms in ADHD using fMRI measures of cognitive control
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to college students' sleep functioning
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A Twin Study of the Relationships among Inattention, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Problems
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What Part of Working Memory is not Working in ADHD? Short-Term Memory, the Central Executive and Effects of Reinforcement
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Targeting the Nicotinic Cholinergic System to Treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Rationale and Progress to Date
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Sleep, internalizing problems, and social withdrawal: unique associations in clinic-referred youth with elevated sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms
Rondon, A. T., Hilton, D. C., Jarrett, M. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718756197 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Slow sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms are associated with poorer academic performance in children with ADHD
Tamm, L., Garner, A. A., Loren, R. E. A., Epstein, J. N., Vaughn, A. J., Ciesielski, H. A., & Becker, S. P. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.054 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., & Taylor, E. (2015) · Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch55 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers?
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“, 2007) than those in school-aged children (Willcutt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD
Cordova, M., Shada, K., Demeter, D. V., Doyle, O., Miranda-Dominguez, O., Perrone, A., Schifsky, E., Graham, A., Fombonne, E., Langhorst, B., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102245 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Do children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have set shifting deficits?
Irwin, L. N., Kofler, M. J., Soto, E. F., & Groves, N. B. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000546 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference
Molavi, P., Nadermohammadi, M., Salvat Ghojehbeiglou, H., Vicario, C. M., Nitsche, M. A., & Salehinejad, M. A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02887-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Some studies have shown an instability or shift in subtypes over years in children with ADHD [61, 62].”
Background
Reduced subcortical volumes among preschool-age girls and boys with ADHD
Rosch, K. S., Crocetti, D., Hirabayashi, K., Denckla, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Mahone, E. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.10.013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Neuropsychological Functioning
Creque, C. A., & Willcutt, E. G. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00810-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cortisol levels at baseline and under stress in adolescent males with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, with or without comorbid conduct disorder
Northover, C., Thapar, A., Langley, K., Fairchild, G., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.052 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Testing the Longitudinal Structure and Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Inattentive Behaviors From Early Through Middle Childhood
Dvorsky, M. R., Becker, S. P., Tamm, L., & Willoughby, M. T. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119872247 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes
LeRoy, A., Jacova, C., & Young, C. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718773927 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Authors: Willcutt, E. G., Nigg, J. T., Pennington, B. F., Solanto, M. V., Rohde, L. A., Tannock, R., Loo, S. K., Carlson, C. L., McBurnett, K., & Lahey, B. B.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Oregon Health & Science University (US)
University of Denver (US)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
University of Toronto (CA)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of Chicago (US)
ORCID: Willcutt, Erik G.
Nigg, Joel T.
Pennington, Bruce F.
Solanto, Mary V.
Loo, Sandra K.
McBurnett, Keith
Lahey, Benjamin B.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-11
Volume: 121
Issue: 4
Pages: 991-1010
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/a0027347
PMC: PMC3622557
OpenAlex: W2122790331
Cited by: 887
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 49.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (R01 MH59105, R01 MH59111, R01 MH53554, R01 HD 47264, R01 MH 63207, R01 HD 38526, P50 HD 27802, R01 MH 70037, P50 MH 79485, R01 DA 24002, R01 MH 63941, R01 62120)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, ADHD subtypes, inattentive symptoms, hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, diagnostic validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, discriminant validity, longitudinal stability, DSM-5
MeSH terms: Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes.

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