The Vaccine Efficacy Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. The most recent variant is Omicron (line B.1.1.529), which was first identified in South Africa in November 2021. The concern with this variant is the ineffectiveness of vaccines currently available. We aim to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines and boosters for the Omicron variant. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases from inception to June 5th, 2022. Studies that examined the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the Omicron variant infection were included. Random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron variant. Results: A total of 13 studies were included to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine against the Omicron variant, and 11 studies were included to compare the effectiveness between the two-dose and three-dose (booster) vaccinations. Full vaccination (two-dose with or without booster) showed a protective effect against the Omicron variant compared to no vaccination (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.56–0.69), while the effectiveness decreased significantly over 6 months after the last dose. The two-dose vaccination plus booster provided better protection against the Omicron variant compared to the two-dose vaccination without booster (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.52–0.68). Additional analysis was performed for the most commonly used vaccines in the United Staes: BNT162b2(Pfizer) (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.52–0.82) and mRNA-1273(Moderna) (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.58–0.88) vaccines in the US, which showed similar effectiveness compared to no vaccination. Conclusions: The full dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination effectively reduces infection from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant; however, the effectiveness wanes over time. The booster vaccine provides additional protection against the Omicron variant.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent systematic review and meta-analyses reported that the third dose mRNA vaccines provided additional protection against the Omicron subvariant compared with the primary series or no vaccination, but the effectiveness waned over time.
“Similar to our findings, recent systematic review and meta-analyses20–22 reported that the third dose mRNA vaccines provided additional protection against the Omicron subvariant compared with the primary series or no vaccination, however, the effectiveness waned over time.”
From Protection of the third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results section reports that three doses provided more protection against Omicron than either two doses or no vaccination, and the Abstract and Discussion report waning effectiveness over time. But the three-dose comparisons pooled several vaccine types; the separate mRNA analysis did not establish that the third dose of an mRNA vaccine specifically provided those comparative benefits or measure its waning over time. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNone of the published systematic reviews have assessed the magnitude and duration of protection conferred by booster doses of mRNA vaccines, particularly for the fourth dose, for a comprehensive range of COVID-19 outcomes caused by the Omicron subvariant and its sublineages.
“however, none have assessed the magnitude and duration of protection conferred by booster doses of mRNA vaccines, particularly for the fourth dose, for a comprehensive range of COVID-19 outcomes caused by the Omicron subvariant and its sublineages.”
From Protection of the third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral systematic reviews of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, with or without meta-analyses, have been published.
“Several systematic reviews of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, with or without meta-analyses, have been published11 17–22”
From Protection of the third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246 · see citing works
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern
Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Kirsebom, F., Toffa, S., Rickeard, T., Gallagher, E., Gower, C., Kall, M., Groves, N., O’Connell, A.-M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.21267615 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination
Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. C. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00084-18 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Fiolet, T., Kherabi, Y., MacDonald, C.-J., Ghosn, J., & Peiffer-Smadja, N. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Lauring, A. S., Tenforde, M. W., Chappell, J. D., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069761 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Accorsi, E. K., Britton, A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Smith, Z. R., Shang, N., Derado, G., Miller, J., Schrag, S. J., & Verani, J. R. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0470 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant in South Africa
Collie, S., Champion, J., Moultrie, H., Bekker, L.-G., & Gray, G. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2119270 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants
Tseng, H. F., Ackerson, B. K., Luo, Y., Sy, L. S., Talarico, C. A., Tian, Y., Bruxvoort, K. J., Tubert, J. E., Florea, A., Ku, J. H., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.22268919 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant: Characteristics and prevention
He, X., Hong, W., Pan, X., Lu, G., & Wei, X. (2021) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.110 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Iuliano, A. D., Brunkard, J., Boehmer, T. K., Peterson, E. E., Adjei, S., Binder, A. M., Cobb, S., Graff, P., Hidalgo, P., Panaggio, M. J., et al. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e4 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Ferdinands, J. M., Rao, S., Dixon, B. E., Mitchell, P. K., DeSilva, M. B., Irving, S. A., Lewis, N., Natarajan, K., Stenehjem, E., Grannis, S. J., et al. (2022) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e2 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Thompson, M. G., Natarajan, K., Irving, S. A., Rowley, E. A., Griggs, E. P., Gaglani, M., Klein, N. P., Grannis, S. J., DeSilva, M. B., Stenehjem, E., et al. (2022) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e3 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/mRNA vaccination
Schmidt, T., Klemis, V., Schub, D., Mihm, J., Hielscher, F., Marx, S., Abu‐Omar, A., Ziegler, L., Guckelmus, C., Urschel, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01464-w · Cited by 340 · see citing works
New variant of SARS-CoV-2 in UK causes surge of COVID-19
Kirby, T. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00005-9 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Puranik, A., Lenehan, P. J., Silvert, E., Niesen, M. J. M., Corchado-García, J., O’Horo, J. C., Virk, A., Swift, M. D., Halamka, J. D., Badley, A. D., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.21261707 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
OMICRON (B.1.1.529): A new SARS‐CoV‐2 variant of concern mounting worldwide fear
Thakur, V., & Ratho, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27541 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Sheikh, A., Kerr, S., Woolhouse, M. E. J., McMenamin, J., Robertson, C., Simpson, C. R., Millington, T., Shi, T., Agrawal, U., Hameed, S. S., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00141-4 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Tregoning, J. S., Brown, E. S., Cheeseman, H. M., Flight, K. E., Higham, S. L., Lemm, N.-M., Pierce, B. F., Stirling, D. C., Wang, Z., & Pollock, K. M. (2020) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13517 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the omicron (BA.2) variant in England
Kirsebom, F. C. M., Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Toffa, S., Sachdeva, R., Gallagher, E., Groves, N., O'Connell, A.-M., Chand, M., Ramsay, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00309-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Klein, N. P., Stockwell, M. S., Demarco, M., Gaglani, M., Kharbanda, A. B., Irving, S. A., Rao, S., Grannis, S. J., Dascomb, K. K., Murthy, K., et al. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7109e3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Omicron (B.1.1.529) - variant of concern - molecular profile and epidemiology: a mini review.
Kannan, S., Ali, S., & Sheeza, A. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.26355/eurrev_202112_27653 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Omicron likely to weaken COVID vaccine protection
Callaway, E. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03672-3 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Benefits and limitations of serological assays in COVID-19 infection
Sidiq, Z., Hanif, M., Dwivedi, K. K., & Chopra, K. K. (2020) · Indian Journal of Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.034 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Safety and effectiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Ling, Y., Zhong, J., & Luo, J. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27203 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread
Reardon, S. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01986-w · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The omicron variant of SARS‐CoV‐2: Understanding the known and living with unknowns
Ingraham, N. E., & Ingbar, D. H. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.685 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Horne, E. M. F., Hulme, W. J., Keogh, R. H., Palmer, T., Williamson, E., Parker, E. P. K., Green, A. C. A., Walker, V. M., Walker, A. J., Curtis, H. J., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071249 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Pormohammad, A., Zarei, M., Ghorbani, S., Mohammadi, M., Neshin, S. A. S., Khatami, A., Turner, D., Djalalinia, S., Mousavi, S. A., Mardani-Fard, H. A., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10010023 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Omicron is supercharging the COVID vaccine booster debate
Dolgin, E. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03592-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Martellucci, C. A., Flacco, M. E., Soldato, G., Martino, G. D., Carota, R., Caponetti, A., & Manzoli, L. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10050662 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kodera, S., Rashed, E. A., & Hirata, A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030430 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Good (or Bad) Can the SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Get?
Nugent, M. A. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11050855 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sathian, B., Asim, M., Banerjee, I., Roy, B., Pizarro, A. B., Mancha, M. A., van Teijlingen, E., Kord‐Varkaneh, H., Mekkodathil, A. A., Subramanya, S. H., et al. (2021) · Nepal Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.3126/nje.v11i1.36163 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Delta Variant (B.1.617.2): A Meta-Analysis
Mahumud, R. A., Ali, M. A., Kundu, S., Rahman, M. A., Kamara, J. K., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10020277 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [14]Lauring AS Tenforde MW Chappell JD Gaglani M Ginde AA McNeal T. Clinical severity and mrna vaccine effectiveness for Omicron, Delta, and Alpha SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the United States: a prospective observational study. MedRxiv. (2022). 10.1101/2022.02.06.22270558 PMC8905308 35264324 · DOI
- [26]Andrews N Stowe J Kirsebom F Toffa S Rickeard T Gallagher E. Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant Concern. MedRxiv. (2021).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Advantages and Caveats
Echaide, M., Chocarro, L., Bocanegra, A., Blanco, E., Kochan, G. T., & Escors, D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065944 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Welfare, N.-F. E. P. O. A. H. A., Nielsen, S. S., Álvarez, J., Bicout, D., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J. A., Garin‐Bastuji, B., Gonzáles, J. L., Gortázar, C., et al. (2023) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mohammed, H., Pham-Tran, D. D., Yeoh, Z. Y. M., Wang, B., McMillan, M., Andraweera, P. H., & Marshall, H. S. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020224 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rahman, M. O., Kamigaki, T., Thandar, M. M., Haruyama, R., Yan, F., Shibamura-Fujiogi, M., Khin Maung Soe, J., Islam, M. R., Yoneoka, D., Miyahara, R., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076892 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…the VE of third-dose and fourth-dose mRNA vaccines against SARS- CoV-2 Omicron subvariant infection and symptomatic infection wanes over time; however, it offers substantial protection for at least 6 months against severe COVID-19 outcomes, although the duration of protection remains uncertain.”
BackgroundRahman, S., Hossain, M. J., Nahar, Z., Shahriar, M., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Islam, M. R. (2022) · Environmental Health Insights · doi:10.1177/11786302221129396 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Efficacy of a bivalent (D614 + B.1.351) SARS-CoV-2 Protein Vaccine
Dayan, G. H., Rouphael, N., Walsh, S. R., Chen, A., Grunenberg, N. A., Allen, M., Antony, J., Asante, K. P., Bhate, A. S., Beresnev, T. H., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00263-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Alam, M. S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13285 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flacco, M. E., Martellucci, C. A., Soldato, G., Martino, G. D., Carota, R., Benedictis, M. D., Marco, G. D., Parruti, G., Luzio, R. D., Caponetti, A., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Key Insights into Respiratory Virus Testing: Sensitivity and Clinical Implications
García‐Rodríguez, J., Janvier, F., & Kill, C. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13010063 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Majeed, B. J., David, J., Bragazzi, N. L., McCarthy, Z., Grunnill, M. D., Heffernan, J. M., Wu, J., & Woldegerima, W. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1086849 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Negi, S. S., Sharma, N., & Başkonuş, H. M. (2024) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148586 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kandeel, A., Fahim, M., Deghedy, O., Alim, W., Roshdy, W. H., Khalifa, M. K., El‐Shesheny, R., Kandeil, A., Naguib, A. M., Elguindy, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sertić, Z., Lucijanić, M., Bašić-Kinda, S., Seiwerth, R. S., Periša, V., Sertić, D., Coha, B., Pulanić, D., Perić, Z., Desnica, L., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10112892 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Oh, D. Q. P., Grothe, I., Lukaß, H., Kreiter, A., Hoffmann, M., & Wegener, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30473-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shimizu, H., Kawase, J., Hayashi, M., Imaizumi, K., Ito, Y., & Okazawa, M. (2023) · Respiratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2023.01.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Benefits and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Chen, C. O., & Su, T. (2023) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.119 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGuaraldi, F., Montalti, M., & Gori, D. (2023) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7614 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fisman, D. N., Amoako, A., Simmons, A. E., & Tuite, A. R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dynamics of an SVEIR transmission model with protection awareness and two strains
Chen, K., Wei, F., Zhang, X., Jin, H., Zhou, R., Zuo, Y., & Fan, K. (2024) · Infectious Disease Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.idm.2024.10.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sonoyama, T., Kamitani, A., Shibata, R. Y., Seki, N. M., Omoto, S., Igarashi, K., & Ariyasu, M. (2023) · Vaccine X · doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100390 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fisman, D. N., Simmons, A. E., & Tuite, A. R. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
In Silico Protein Structure Analysis for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Using Deep Learning
Matsuzaka, Y., & Yashiro, R. (2023) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics3010004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Malcangi, G., Inchingolo, A. M., Casamassima, L., Trilli, I., Ferrante, L., Longo, M., Inchingolo, F., Marinelli, G., Palermo, A., Dipalma, G., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27020700 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Valderrama, S., Cuervo-Rojas, J., Martínez-Vernaza, S., Álvarez, C., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2023) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102650 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yeo, J. G., Teh, K. L., Chia, W. N., Book, Y. X., Hoh, S. F., Gao, X., Das, L., Zhang, J., Sutamam, N. B., Poh, S. L., et al. (2023) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dings, C., Selzer, D., Bragazzi, N. L., Möhler, E., Wenning, M., Gehrke, T., Richter, U., Nonnenmacher, A., Brinkmann, F., Rothoeft, T., et al. (2024) · Infectious Disease Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.idm.2024.07.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Efficacy of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in patients diagnosed with COVID-19
Doğan, M., & Yılmaz, B. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica · doi:10.2478/acph-2023-0020 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pan, B.-Y., Tseng, I., Feng, Y. A., & Fang, C. (2025) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2025.04.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Albakri, K. A., Abdelwahab, O. A., Gabra, M. D., Nafady, M. H., Alabdallat, Y. J., Soliman, A., Cadri, S., Hanaqtah, B. M., & Albazee, E. (2023) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-023-08172-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yamamoto, M., Sakurai, K., Takatani, R., Hisada, A., & Mori, C. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20240284 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shi, H., Sun, J., Zeng, Y., Wang, X., Liu, S., Zhang, L., & Shao, E. (2023) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-023-01977-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Morani, I., Shibli, H., Karasik, D., & Edelstein, M. L. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11357-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Seegers, V., Rousseau, G., Zhou, K., Blanc-Lapierre, A., Bigot, F., Mahammedi, H., Lambert, A., Moreau-Bachelard, C., Campone, M., Conroy, T., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14225547 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Miyazaki, R., Miyagi, K., Yoshida, M., Suzuki, Y., & Hibino, S. (2023) · Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1186/s41100-023-00491-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gidari, A., Schiaroli, E., Sabbatini, S., Bastianelli, S., Pierucci, S., Busti, C., & Francisci, D. (2022) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Papadopoulos, I., Diep, A. N., Schyns, J., Gourzonès, C., Minner, F., Bonhomme, G., Paridans, M., Gillain, N., Husson, E., Garigliany, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1619631 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Konrath, K. M., Liaw, K., Tursi, N. J., McCanna, M. E., Warner, B., Gary, E., Zhu, X.-Z., Livingston, C., Monastra, C., Frase, D., et al. (2026) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Interactions of ED Compound with some Spike Protein Variants of SARS-CoV-2
(2024) · Letters in Applied NanoBioScience · doi:10.33263/lianbs134.190 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Monitoring and efficacyPreprint
Oh, D. Q. P., Grothe, I., Lukaß, H., Kreiter, A., Hoffmann, M., & Wegener, D. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516206
Alshukairi, A. N., Dada, A. M., Aldabbagh, Y. A., Saeedi, M. F., El-Kafrawy, S. A., Hassan, A. M., Alandijany, T. A., Hroub, M. K. A., Alraddadi, B. M., Khalid, I., et al. (2023) · Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal · doi:10.1007/s44229-023-00037-y
Mathematical and statistical modeling of infection and transmission dynamics of viral diseases
Magal, P., Jacques Demongeot, A., & Longe, O. B. (2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-3760-2
Feng, H., Chen, J., Sun, J., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Vaccine X · doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100508
Burhan, E., Azzumar, F., Sinuraya, F. A. G., Rakasiwi, M. I. D., Akbar, I., Mubarak, F., Rengganis, A. T., Rachmadi, R. A., & Afidjati, H. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/56519
Morales, A. B. O., García‐González, V., Callejas‐Camargo, K. E., & Vique‐Sánchez, J. L. (2025) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202502233
Miyazaki, R., Miyagi, K., Yoshida, M., Suzuki, Y., & Hibino, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26607553
Miyazaki, R., Miyagi, K., Yoshida, M., Suzuki, Y., & Hibino, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26607556
Shi, H., Sun, J., Zeng, Y., Wang, X., Liu, S., Zhang, L., & Shao, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640601
Guan, X., Cho, H., Qian, S., Liu, Q., & Du, L. (2026) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines14010078
Bajinka, O., Jallow, L., Feng, X., Zhang, Y., Li, N., & Zhan, X. (2026) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101436
Tangsathapornpong, A., Nanthapisal, S., Fukpho, W., Bunjoungmanee, P., Neamkul, Y., Pontan, K., Boonyarangkul, A., Wanpen, S., Thongphubeth, K., Tharabenjasin, P., et al. (2026) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines14040348
Humoral and cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in medical personnel in the long term
Platonova, T. A., Sklyar, M. S., Karbovnichaya, E. A., Chernyshev, M. A., Коротких, К. А., Abakumova, A. M., & Смирнова, С. С. (2026) · Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor) · doi:10.33920/med-08-2610-03
- Authors
- Zou, Y., Huang, D., Jiang, Q., Guo, Y., & Chen, C.
- Affiliations
- Saint Peter's University Hospital (US)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Chider
- Venue
- Frontiers in Public Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-07-13
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 940956-940956
- ISSN
- 2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9326247
- OpenAlex
- W4285084997
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- Omicron variant, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine efficacy, booster vaccination, waning immunity, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, infection control
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Vaccine Efficacy, BNT162 Vaccine, Humans, Viral Vaccines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
