Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Omicron or Delta variants following a two-dose or booster BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination series: A Danish cohort study
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In this brief communication we are showing original research results with early estimates from Danish nationwide databases of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against the novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) up to five months after a primary vaccination series with the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines. Our study provides evidence of protection against infection with the Omicron variant after completion of a primary vaccination series with the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines; in particular, we found a VE against the Omicron variant of 55.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.5 to 73.7%) and 36.7% (95% CI: -69.9 to 76.4%) for the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines, respectively, in the first month after primary vaccination. However, the VE is significantly lower than that against Delta infection and declines rapidly over just a few months. The VE is re-established upon revaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine (54.6%, 95% CI: 30.4 to 70.4%).
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VE during Delta-dominant period was higher than during Omicron BA.1-dominant period for symptomatic infection.
“As documented in the literature [19,22,26], VE during the Delta-dominant period was higher compared to the Omicron BA.1-dominant period”
From Vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against Delta and Omicron BA.1 symptomatic and severe COVID-19 outcomes in adults aged 50 years and over in France (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The Results report significantly higher VE against Delta than Omicron, supporting the direction of the comparison. But the Methods describe PCR-confirmed infections with both variants during November 20–December 12, 2021; the study does not compare Delta-dominant and Omicron BA.1-dominant periods or limit the outcome to symptomatic infection. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe decrease in protection was substantially higher against Omicron BA.1 compared to Delta.
“this decrease in protection was substantially higher against Omicron BA.1 compared to Delta [3,8,12,19,26].”
From Vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against Delta and Omicron BA.1 symptomatic and severe COVID-19 outcomes in adults aged 50 years and over in France (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The Results and Discussion report that protection against Omicron waned rapidly, while protection against Delta was higher and better preserved over the same period. The paper identifies its Omicron cases as B.1.1.529 but does not specifically identify or analyze BA.1, so it does not establish the claim at that subvariant level. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral studies have described a drop over time of two-dose vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infection.
“Several studies have described a drop over time of two-dose vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infection;”
From Vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against Delta and Omicron BA.1 symptomatic and severe COVID-19 outcomes in adults aged 50 years and over in France (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The Results and Discussion report waning two-dose effectiveness over time, but this Danish study measured SARS-CoV-2 infection, not specifically symptomatic infection. The Discussion also reports an English study finding a rapid decline in effectiveness against symptomatic Omicron infection; it does not establish that several studies measured that outcome. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNumerous studies conducted during the Omicron BA.1 period have reported an increase in VE against infection caused by this variant following a booster dose.
“Still, numerous studies conducted during the Omicron BA.1 period have reported an increase in VE against infection caused by this variant following a booster dose [19,26,32-35].”
The findings were consistent with those of other studies of vaccine effectiveness against omicron infection.
“Notwithstanding these limitations, findings were consistent with those of other studies of vaccine effectiveness against omicron infection (BA.1 or BA.2 subvariants were not specified).27,32-36”
From Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
Consistent findings were reached, indicating rapid waning of vaccine protection against symptomatic Omicron infection, consistent with findings of other studies for effectiveness against Omicron infection (with no BA.1/BA.2 subvariant specified).
“Notwithstanding these limitations, consistent findings were reached, indicating rapid waning of vaccine protection against symptomatic Omicron infection that are consistent with findings of other studies for effectiveness against Omicron infection (with no BA.1/BA.2 subvariant specified)42–48.”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern [Preprint]. https://khub.net/documents/135939561/430986542/Effectiveness+of+COVID- 19+vaccines+against+Omicron+variant+of+concern.pdf/f423c9f4-91cb-0274-c8c5-70e8fad50074
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- Authors
- Hansen, C. H., Schelde, A. B., Moustsen-Helm, I. R., Emborg, H.-D., Krause, T. G., Mølbak, K., & Valentiner-Branth, P.
- Affiliations
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- medRxiv
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2021-12-21
- OpenAlex
- W4200175757
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 97
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron variant, Delta variant, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, COVID-19 vaccines, booster vaccination, waning immunity, Danish cohort
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