GBD: incidence rates and prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression and schizophrenia in countries with different SDI levels, 1990–2021
Open accessAbstract
Background: Anxiety disorders, depression and schizophrenia are the focus of global mental health attention, resulting in a significant number of disability-adjusted life years and a considerable social and economic burden. It’s can affect the socioeconomic landscape as a result of experiencing a global epidemic. And rarely, different Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels and Age-Period-Cohort (APC) have been used to evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders worldwide. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD) database, this study assessed trends in the incidence and prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, and schizophrenia in countries with different SDI levels from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint and periodic cohort (APC) models were used to sort out the effects of age, period and cohort on incidence. Data were categorized into 5-year age groups and 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were calculated to account for data variability. Results: In countries with different SDI levels, the age-standardized average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the incidence of anxiety were all shown to be increasing, and there were large gender differences between the different SDI levels, with a maximum of 0.97 (0.76–1.18) for females in countries with a high SDI level, Age-standardized more rates per 100,000 people in high SDI countries, from 658.87 in 1990 to 841.56 in 2021, and the largest gender differences in countries with a low to moderate SDI level, with AAPCs for males and females of 0.04 (0.04–0.05), 0.86 (0.63–1.09); for depression, only the countries with medium-high SDI levels were statistically significant compared to the countries with medium-low SDI levels, with AAPCs of 0.05 (0.04–0.07), 0.04 (0.04–0.05); for schizophrenia in addition to the AAPCs of the countries with medium-high SDI levels showed an increase of 0.16 (0.13–0.18); the rest decreased. Conclusion: This study highlights the current status of global incidence and prevalence of mental disorders and examines the complex interactions between the period of onset and cohort of onset of mental disorders using APC modeling, with differences in gender differences in mental disorders in countries with different SDIs, and significant differences in countries with low to medium SDI levels, requiring further exploration of the mechanisms by which socio-economic development influences gender-specific mental health. Countries with different SDI levels have responded to unique trends within their specific socioeconomic, cultural, and historical contexts, suggesting the need for contextualized public health strategies to effectively respond to and manage the incidence and prevalence of mental disorders in these different settings. Prevalence of mental disorders. This points the way to more in-depth future research on treatments and interventions for mental disorders.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
SAD is a globally distributed mental health condition with substantial prevalence across countries and regions.
“Cross-national data showed that SAD is a globally distributed mental health condition, with substantial prevalence across countries and regions [5,6,7].”
From Advancing Undergraduate Student Mental Healthcare of Social Anxiety Disorder: Evaluating the Acceptance of AR-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Through TAM-Based Constructs. (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report anxiety-disorder prevalence across countries and regions. They do not report prevalence specifically for SAD (social anxiety disorder), so the claim applies a broader finding to a particular condition. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30925-9 · Cited by 19,358 · see citing works
Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30752-2 · Cited by 9,854 · see citing works
Roth, G. A., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32203-7 · Cited by 8,600 · see citing works
No health without mental health
Prince, M. J., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61238-0 · Cited by 3,835 · see citing works
The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development
Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., Chisholm, D., Collins, P. Y., Cooper, J. L., Eaton, J., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31612-x · Cited by 3,692 · see citing works
Schizophrenia: A Concise Overview of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality
McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D., & Welham, J. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn001 · Cited by 2,280 · see citing works
Hay, S. I., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulkader, R. S., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32130-x · Cited by 2,083 · see citing works
Wang, H., Abbas, K. M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abolhassani, H., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30977-6 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on
Marmot, M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m693 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Charlson, F. J., Ferrari, A. J., Santomauro, D. F., Diminic, S., Stockings, E., Scott, J. G., McGrath, J. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby058 · Cited by 1,647 · see citing works
The World Mental Health Report: Transforming mental health for all
Freeman, M. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21018 · Cited by 1,472 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review
Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J.-P. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.12 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Lund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., Haushofer, J., Herrman, H., Jordans, M., Kieling, C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30060-9 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress
McEwen, B. S. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017692328 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Poverty and mental disorders: breaking the cycle in low-income and middle-income countries
Lund, C., De Silva, M., Plagerson, S., Cooper, S., Chisholm, D., Das, J., Knapp, M., & Patel, V. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60754-x · Cited by 929 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…be due to industrialization and urbanization over the past 40 years, as well as increased stress and competition at school, high parental expectations, and fast-changing socio-economic conditions, all of which have the potential to lead to an increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders (34–36).”
Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings
de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.5.555 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010
Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713003243 · Cited by 768 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This divergence is further compounded by epidemiological transition patterns— high-SDI regions exhibit a higher burden of chronic mental disorders linked to lifestyle factors, whereas low-SDI settings remain dominated by infection-associated conditions and trauma-related disorders (59, 60).”
Relationship Between Diet and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
O’Neil, A., Quirk, S. E., Housden, S., Brennan, S. L., Williams, L. J., Pasco, J. A., Berk, M., & Jacka, F. N. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302110 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Solmi, M., Seitidis, G., Mavridis, D., Correll, C. U., Dragioti, E., Guimond, S., Tuominen, L. J., Dargél, A., Carvalho, A. F., Fornaro, M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02138-4 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Fisher, H. L., Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040567 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Szuhany, K. L., & Simon, N. M. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.22744 · Cited by 541 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…medium levels of SDI, and countries with higher prevalence of anxiety disorders are concentrated in North and South America and European countries (33), which may be due to industrialization and urbanization over the past 40 years, as well as increased stress and competition at school, high…”
Understanding the effects of age, period, and cohort on incidence and mortality rates.
Holford, T. (1991) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.12.050191.002233 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
The Intrinsic Estimator for Age‐Period‐Cohort Analysis: What It Is and How to Use It
Yang, Y., Schulhofer‐Wohl, S., Fu, W. J., & Land, K. C. (2008) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/587154 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Ruscio, A. M., Hallion, L. S., Lim, C. C. W., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Bunting, B., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0056 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Yang, X., Fang, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, T., Yin, X., Man, J., Yang, L., & Lü, M. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796021000275 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Scott-Samuel, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5142 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
The Role of Estrogens in Schizophrenia Gender Differences
Seeman, M. V., & Lang, M. (1990) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/16.2.185 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Kohrt, B. A., Rasmussen, A., Kaiser, B. N., Haroz, E. E., Maharjan, S. M., Mutamba, B. B., de Jong, J. T., & Hinton, D. E. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt227 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Lim, M. S. C., Molenaar, A., Brennan, L., Reid, M., & McCaffrey, T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23656 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity?
Bresnahan, M., Begg, M., Brown, A. S., Schaefer, C., Sohler, N., Insel, B. J., Vella, L., & Susser, E. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym041 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Peng, P., Hao, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., Wang, X., Li, M., Wang, Y., He, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.040 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Burden of depression in China, 1990–2017: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2017
Ren, X., Yu, S., Dong, W., Yin, P., Xu, X., & Zhou, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.011 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Trends in Office-Based Mental Health Care Provided by Psychiatrists and Primary Care Physicians
Olfson, M., Kroenke, K., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08834 · Cited by 221 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…depression showed a decreasing trend between 1996 and 1999, which may be due to universal access to mental health services and early interventions (54), but a gradual increase after 2010, possibly due to the culture of social media, and economic instability that exacerbates the risk of morbidity,…”
Collaborators, G. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12200 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Ma, W., Tong, Y., & Zheng, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62381-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Trends in depression among Adults in the United States, NHANES 2005–2016
Yu, B., Zhang, X., Wang, C., Sun, M., Jin, L., & Liu, X. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.036 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Gao, X., Jiang, M., Huang, N., Guo, X., & Huang, T. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp10391 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Social participation and perceived depression among elderly population in South Africa
Hao, G., Bishwajit, G., Tang, S., Nie, C., Ji, L., & Huang, R. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s137993 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Economic growth and suicide rate changes: A case in China from 1982 to 2005
Zhang, J., Ma, J., Jia, C., Sun, J., Guo, X., Xu, A., & Li, W. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.07.013 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Peer stressors and gender differences in adolescents' mental health: the TRAILS study.
Bakker, M. P., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F., & Oldehinkel, A. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.10.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kim, J., Shin, I., Yoon, J., & Stewart, R. J. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.622 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Thornicroft, G., & Semrau, M. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kohrt, B. A., & Carruth, L. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113378 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A. D., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The unrealized potential: cohort effects and age-period-cohort analysis
Heo, J., Jeon, S.-Y., Oh, C., Hwang, J., Oh, J., & Cho, Y. (2017) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2017056 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Educational attainment and anxiety in middle-aged and older Europeans
Chlapečka, A., Wolfová, K., Fryčová, B., & Čermáková, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40196-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The burden of schizophrenia in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019
Safiri, S., Noori, M., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Shamekh, A., Sullman, M. J. M., Collins, P. G. S., & Kolahi, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59905-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Teesson, M., Birrell, L., Slade, T. N., Mewton, L. R., Olsen, N., Hides, L. M., MCBRIDE, N. T., Chatterton, M. L., ALLSOP, S. J., Furneaux-Bate, A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00046-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Urbanization and eating disorders: a scoping review of studies from 2019 to 2020
Hay, P., & Mitchison, D. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000681 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Longitudinal course and predictors of suicidal ideation in a rural community sample
Handley, T. E., Attia, J., Inder, K., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Barker, D., Lewin, T. J., & Kelly, B. J. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413495318 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vu, B. T., Heel, M. V., Finet, C., Cuyvers, B., Houbrechts, M., Hoang, T. D., Cao, T. A., Duong, H. H., & Bosmans, G. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001143 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mental health and the covid-19 pandemic
Hjorthøj, C. R., & Madsen, T. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.p435 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ruz, R. P., Campos, G. G., Ortega, F. Z., & Puga-González, M. E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155525 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Iran’s Comprehensive Mental and Social Health Services (SERAJ Program): A Pilot Protocol
Damari, B., Sharifi, V., Asgardoon, M. H., & Hajebi, A. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v16i1.5387 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Jauhar, S., Johnstone, M., & Mckenna, P. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01730-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liu, Z., & Kuai, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07201-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhan, Z., Wang, J., & Shen, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1629032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmakrob, A. Y., & Alduais, A. M. S. (2025) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580251382027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Huo, J., Li, R., Ren, X., Zhu, S., Hu, X., Tan, Q., Xu, Y., Chen, J., Ping, J., Wan, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1651350 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Cheng, C., Zhao, Y., Jiang, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1594523 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Țîbîrnă, A., Iliuță, F. P., Manea, M. C., & Manea, M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13233126 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhou, W., He, J., Wu, L., Wang, L., Wu, K., Li, Z., Chen, G., Li, D., Yang, Y., & Dai, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1702808 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jiang, R., Wang, L., Tian, Y., Zhao, Z.-M., Kuo, A., & Cao, M. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-026-02093-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Behavioral Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Swiss Mice
de Barros‐Telles, R., da Silva, A. C. F., Medeiros, I., de Souza, R. V., Cardoso, A. R., Souza, I. N. D. O., & Neves, G. A. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70631 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maruf, S. A., Rahman, H., Azmin, M. S., Faria, T. A., Rashid, M. A. M., Billah, M. M., Siddique, N. S., & Khan, M. B. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.12.26362706 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Zhou, Y., Ouyang, B., Man, S. S., & Chan, A. H. S. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14131978
Meng, L., Hu, J., Cui, K., Song, Y., Li, B., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.80875
Sun, Y., & Hou, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1830540
Chen, Z., Fan, G., Dai, K., Liu, X., Cheng, X., Ye, J., & Peng, J. (2026) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-026-00859-2
Yu, H., Wang, H., Zhang, M., Yan, H., Hongfeng, Y., Tian, Q., Jin, S., Li, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1912993
Rehman, M. M. U., Sabri, T., & Asad, S. (2026) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v7i2.516
Lesmes, Ó. A. G., Ramos, E. S., & Páez, Z. J. V. (2026) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-026-00510-4
Feng, T., Zheng, P., Li, Q., Han, D., & Duan, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1908154
- Authors
- Wang, J., Guan, X., & Tao, N.
- Affiliations
- Xinjiang Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Tao, Ning
- ORCID
- Tao, Ning
- Venue
- Frontiers in Public Health
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2025-05-16
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1556981-1556981
- ISSN
- 2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12124139
- OpenAlex
- W4410435716
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 19.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Global Health and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, incidence trends, prevalence, socio-demographic index, age-period-cohort analysis, gender differences, global mental health, disability-adjusted life years, Global Burden of Disease 2021, period and cohort effects, uncertainty intervals
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
