Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of probiotic strains in the context of antimicrobial resistance
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global public health concern, particularly with regard to microorganisms used as probiotics in both veterinary and human healthcare. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles of several industrially applied probiotic bacterial strains, with special emphasis on the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Methods: Five strains, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Pediococcus acidilactici were analyzed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing revealed resistance in multiple strains to clinically relevant antibiotics such as gentamicin, amoxicillin, tylosin, and florfenicol. Results: Whole-genome sequencing identified 27 distinct ARGs, primarily associated with efflux pumps and target protection or modification mechanisms. The Bacillus licheniformis strain harbored the most diverse ARG profile, whereas no resistance genes were detected in Pediococcus acidilactici. Discussion: These findings highlight the necessity of integrating phenotypic and genotypic assessments for the safe application of probiotic strains in animals and potentially human use.
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Probiotic products and probiotic-associated taxa may carry detectable ARGs, but public-health relevance depends on taxon identity, gene function, genomic context and mobility potential rather than on ARG counts alone.
“previous studies have shown that probiotic products and probiotic-associated taxa may carry detectable ARGs, but that public-health relevance depends on taxon identity, gene function, genomic context and mobility potential rather than on ARG counts alone [15,16,17,18,22,23].”
Recurrent Enterococcus-associated background genes should not be treated as equivalent to acquired mobile ARGs.
“These observations support our interpretation that recurrent Enterococcus-associated background genes should not be treated as equivalent to acquired mobile ARGs.”
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Kerek, Á., Husz, L. H., Szarka, E., Tornyos, G. Á., & Jerzsele, Á. (2026) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics15060544
Self-citationChaichana, N., & Surachat, K. (2026) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.34133/csbj.0229
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- Authors
- Kerek, Á., Palkovicsné Pézsa, N., Kaszab, E., Jerzsele, Á., & Farkas, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Veterinary Medicine (HU)
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Kerek, Ádám
- Venue
- Frontiers in Veterinary Science
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2025-10-03
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 1684650-1684650
- ISSN
- 2297-1769 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12533545
- OpenAlex
- W4414799154
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Veterinary Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Keywords
- probiotic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, efflux pumps, minimum inhibitory concentration, gentamicin, amoxicillin, tylosin, florfenicol, probiotic safety
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