Physiological State of Therapy Dogs during Animal-Assisted Activities in an Outpatient Setting
Open accessAbstract
Therapy dogs are increasingly being incorporated into numerous clinical settings. However, there are only a handful of studies that have focused on the impact of animal-assisted activity or therapy sessions on the wellbeing of the therapy dogs. Furthermore, these studies show mixed results. The goal of this study was to provide an in-depth picture of the effects of these interactions on the dogs involved by considering multiple physiological measures known to be associated with emotional state (continuous heart rate, heart rate variability, pre- and post-session tympanic membrane temperatures, and salivary cortisol and oxytocin concentrations). Nineteen Mayo Clinic Caring Canine therapy dogs completed five 20-minute animal-assisted activity (AAA) visits each in an outpatient clinical setting (Mayo Clinic Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Clinic). From a physiological perspective, the dogs showed a neutral to positive response to the AAA sessions. Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower at the end of the session compared with the beginning of the session (F = 17.26, df1 = 1, df2 = 29.7, p = 0.0003). The right tympanic membrane temperature was lower post-session (F = 8.87, df1 = 1, df2 = 107, p = 0.003). All other emotional indicators remained stable between pre- and post-session. These results suggest that the dogs involved were not negatively affected by their participation in the AAA. Moreover, there was some evidence suggesting the dogs may have been in a more relaxed state at the end of the session (lower HR and lower right tympanic membrane temperature) compared to the beginning of the session.
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Dogs participating in AAT may be positively affected in carefully designed interventions when comparing their state before and after the session.
“Regarding animal welfare, dogs participating in AAT may be even positively affected in interventions that are carefully designed when comparing their state before and after the session [65,66].”
From Effects of dog-assisted therapy in adolescents with eating disorders: A study protocol for a pilot controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
The Conclusions report that well-trained therapy dogs appeared calmer after an AAA session, with changes in some physiological measures indicating a more positive emotional state. But the study examined animal-assisted activities (AAA) with fibromyalgia patients, not animal-assisted therapy (AAT); the Introduction distinguishes the two. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Clark, S. D., Martin, F., McGowan, R. T. S., Smidt, J. M., Anderson, R., Wang, L., Turpin, T., Langenfeld-McCoy, N., Bauer, B. A., & Mohabbat, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Nestlé (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mohabbat, Arya B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-05-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 819
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7277909
- OpenAlex
- W3022729927
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Keywords
- therapy dogs, animal-assisted activities, heart rate, heart rate variability, tympanic temperature, salivary cortisol, salivary oxytocin, emotional state, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, outpatient care, human-animal interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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