ESKAPEE Pathogen Biofilm Control on Surfaces with Probiotic Lactobacillaceae and Bacillus species
Open accessAbstract
Combatting the rapidly growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and reducing prevalence and transmission of ESKAPEE pathogens in healthcare settings requires innovative strategies, one of which is displacing these pathogens using beneficial microorganisms. Our review comprehensively examines the evidence of probiotic bacteria displacing ESKAPEE pathogens, with a focus on inanimate surfaces. A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases on 21 December 2021, and 143 studies were identified examining the effects of Lactobacillaceae and Bacillus spp. cells and products on the growth, colonization, and survival of ESKAPEE pathogens. While the diversity of study methods limits evidence analysis, results presented by narrative synthesis demonstrate that several species have the potential as cells or their products or supernatants to displace nosocomial infection-causing organisms in a variety of in vitro and in vivo settings. Our review aims to aid the development of new promising approaches to control pathogen biofilms in medical settings by informing researchers and policymakers about the potential of probiotics to combat nosocomial infections. More targeted studies are needed to assess safety and efficacy of different probiotic formulations, followed by large-scale studies to assess utility in infection control and medical practice.
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Other PBS formulations including Bacillus probiotics are generally more effective in controlling nosocomial pathogens and AMR than disinfectants or other detergents.
“Similar results were obtained when other PBS formulations, including Bacillus probiotics, were used, revealing their generally greater effectiveness in controlling nosocomial pathogens and AMR [37] than disinfectants or other detergents [38].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
The Introduction and Conclusions (pages unavailable) report that probiotic cleaning formulations, including those using Bacillus species, may suppress hospital pathogens and potentially reduce AMR-related risks. They do not establish that these formulations are generally more effective; the Conclusions say the evidence does not permit a conclusive assessment of efficacy on hospital surfaces. The comparison with disinfectants or detergents is attached to a different citation, [38]. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Bini, F., Soffritti, I., D’Accolti, M., Mazziga, E., Caballero, J. D., David, S., Argimon, S., Aanensen, D. M., Volta, A., Bisi, M., et al. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11582-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Similar results were obtained when other PBS formulations, including Bacillus probiotics, were used, revealing their generally greater effectiveness in controlling nosocomial pathogens and AMR [37] than disinfectants or other detergents [38].”
- Authors
- Neidhöfer, C., Rathore, K., Parčina, M., & Sieber, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Bonn (DE)
- Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Neidhöfer, Claudio
- Venue
- Antibiotics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-05-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 871
- ISSN
- 2079-6382 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10215598
- OpenAlex
- W4378516080
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antibiotics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Publication Server of Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences (Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- ESKAPEE pathogens, probiotics, Lactobacillaceae, Bacillus, biofilm control, surface disinfection, nosocomial infections, antimicrobial resistance, competitive exclusion, probiotic supernatant
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