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Digital Twin: Origin to Future
Open accessAbstract
Digital Twin (DT) refers to the virtual copy or model of any physical entity (physical twin) both of which are interconnected via exchange of data in real time. Conceptually, a DT mimics the state of its physical twin in real time and vice versa. Application of DT includes real-time monitoring, designing/planning, optimization, maintenance, remote access, etc. Its implementation is expected to grow exponentially in the coming decades. The advent of Industry 4.0 has brought complex industrial systems that are more autonomous, smart, and highly interconnected. These systems generate considerable amounts of data useful for several applications such as improving performance, predictive maintenance, training, etc. A sudden influx in the number of publications related to ‘Digital Twin’ has led to confusion between different terminologies related to the digitalization of industries. Another problem that has arisen due to the growing popularity of DT is a lack of consensus on the description of DT as well as so many different types of DT, which adds to the confusion. This paper intends to consolidate the different types of DT and different definitions of DT throughout the literature for easy identification of DT from the rest of the complimentary terms such as ‘product avatar’, ‘digital thread’, ‘digital model’, and ‘digital shadow’. The paper looks at the concept of DT since its inception to its predicted future to realize the value it can bring to certain sectors. Understanding the characteristics and types of DT while weighing its pros and cons is essential for any researcher, business, or sector before investing in the technology.
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“In accordance with DT characteristics, the DTP is able to simulate manufacturing scenarios and perform validation testing, evaluation and even quality control testing prior to the actual manufacturing process itself.This approach effectively reduces production costs and operational time by identifying flaws or possible risks of the physical twin before production.”
From Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“It is important to note that the development and widespread implementation of DTs depend on the advances in research and enabling technologies such as AI, ML, big data, 5G communication and cloud/edge computing [10,83].”
From Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“The proposed approach involved utilizing DT technology to replicate the aircraft's physical and mechanical characteristics, aiming to forecast potential fatigue or structural cracks.This strategy would effectively extend the operational lifespan of the aircraft [21].”
From Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0 (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
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“Furthermore, the continuous transfer of information between DT and its physical counterpart enables ongoing validation and optimization of the system's processes [21].”
From Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0 (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
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“However, the modern state of the art classifies and defines DTs based on the application domain [10] and their levels of integration.”
From Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“High costs of implementation due to the increased amount of sensors and computational resources needed [10,18].”
From Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Issues related to data (trust, privacy, cybersecurity, convergence and governance, acquisition and large-scale analysis) [10].”
From Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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Citations
Cites
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“…literature have referred to DT as a virtual or digital model [21,23,27–35], layout [36], counterpart [7,9,35,37], doppelganger [38], clone [39], footprint [40], software analogue [41], representation [42–46], information constructs [2,47], or simulation [20,26,48–51] of its physical counterpart.”
BackgroundInfluentialReview of digital twin about concepts, technologies, and industrial applications
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Towards Digital Twin in the Context of Power Wheelchairs Provision and Support
Lagartinho-Oliveira, C., Moutinho, F., & Gomes, L. (2022) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07520-9_9 · Cited by 5
Vohra, M. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119842316.ch1 · Cited by 5
Digital Twin Applications and Challenges in Healthcare
Pavithra, S., Pavithra, D., Vanithamani, R., & Justin, J. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119842316.ch7 · Cited by 5
Enhancing Digital Product Passport Through Decentralized Digital Twins
Kannappan, R., Hatin, J., Bertin, E., & Crespi, N. (2025) · IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS) · doi:10.1109/ntms65597.2025.11076730 · Cited by 5
“Due to several benefits of digital twin such as speed prototyping, cost efficiency, early prediction and waste reduction, several industries have been adopting this technology to enhance efficiency, optimize production process and improve overall customer experience [12], [13].”
Digital twin framework for postural tachycardia syndrome and autonomic disorders
Novák, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1678955 · Cited by 4
“A digital twin can be defined as an interconnected system that integrates simulations, real-time sensor data, visualization tools, and interactions between physical and digital counterparts (9).”
InfluentialLi, Q., An, G., Ooi, K. T., Zhang, Q., Lang, J., Yuan, W., Yan, J., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138921 · Cited by 5
Khongsomchit, L., & Kaewunruen, S. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25206473 · Cited by 6
“Digital twins can perform across multiple sectors, such as conducting in-depth analysis of physical twins, simulating health conditions of physical twins, tracking the status throughout the lifecycle, predicting the performance, and facilitating real-time control of the physical twins [15].”
Ruiz, I. M., Cano-Suñén, E., Casas, R., & Fernández, Á. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114620 · Cited by 4
Pereira, T. C., Andrade-Campos, A. G., & Vilanova, R. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639006 · Cited by 4
“In the literature, there are numerous reviews that discuss the definition, aspects and categories of Digital Twins (e.g., [23], [24], [27], [28], [29], and [30]).”
Is the metaverse really coming to fruition? A survey of applied metaverse and extended reality
Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Mai, J., Li, W., Cai, Z., & Li, Y. (2025) · High-Confidence Computing · doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2025.100376 · Cited by 8
Blockchain-based access management framework for interoperable digital twins in industrial IoT
Ali, G., Shah, S., ELAffendi, M. A., & Ahmad, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1693926 · Cited by 6
Slamani, M., Louhichi, B., Arslane, M., & Alawad, M. A. (2026) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-026-17413-1 · Cited by 6
Digital Twins and Edge AI for Small/Off-Grid Water Systems: A Review
Alenezi, A., & Alabaiadly, Y. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3669429 · Cited by 5
“This process is repeated in four main steps: creation, operation, interaction, and evolution [27], [31].”
Cognitive Digital Twin Generations: From Foundational Instruments to Meta-Cognitive Ecosystems
Kabashkin, I. (2026) · Information · doi:10.3390/info17030285 · Cited by 4
A Reference Architecture for Dry Port Digital Twins: Preliminary Assessment Using ArchiMate
Antunes, J., Barata, J., da Cunha, P. R., Estima, J., & Tavares, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59465-6_9 · Cited by 4
Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Hu, S., Luo, Q., & Chen, L. (2024) · International Journal of Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1155/int/7458758 · Cited by 4
Almeida, S., Mo, J. P. T., Bil, C., Ding, S., & Cheng, C. (2025) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi16080892 · Cited by 4
“Aiming to address this gap, Singh and Fuenmayor [17] conducted a comprehensive review of DT creation, integration levels, applications, hierarchy, and maturity levels.”
Digital Twin Platform Architecture Design to Support Smart Aeroponic Potato Cultivation in Indonesia
Asfarian, A., & Wulandari, W. (2023) · Advances in economics, business and management research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-144-9_9 · Cited by 4
Potential use of digital twin for construction progress monitoring
TECORA Construction (Pvt) Limited, S. L., Amirthavarshan, K., Gallage, S. D., Costa, M. D. D., & Eranga, B. A. I. (2023) · World Construction Symposium (WCS) · doi:10.31705/wcs.2023.70 · Cited by 4
“Inadequate technical and practical understanding also impedes the advancement of technology (Singh et. al., 2021).”
InfluentialWittenberg, C., Boos, S., Harst, F., Lanquillon, C., Ohrnberger, M., Schloer, N., Schoch, F., & Stache, N. C. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60611-3_31 · Cited by 4
A Digital Twin Approach for Blockchain Smart Contracts
Corradini, F., Marcelletti, A., Morichetta, A., Re, B., & Ruschioni, L. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C) · doi:10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00007 · Cited by 4
“Mirroring the counterpart with high-fidelity models representing its properties and real-time data of its actual state, Digital Twin introduces several benefits [13].”
BackgroundDesigning a Process-Oriented Digital Twin for Industrial Testing Laboratories
Weidlich, R., Albrecht, T., Derr, P., & Röglinger, M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2024.3481670 · Cited by 4
“In addition to their early use for design, maintenance, and forecasting, digital twins are used nowadays for planning, monitoring,control,decision-making,remoteaccess,andtraining[3].”
BackgroundInfluentialMay, R., & Adler, S. (2025) · International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems (VaMoS) · doi:10.1145/3715340.3715434 · Cited by 4
“Digital twins are comprehensive virtual replicas of physical systems that facilitate real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization of manufacturing processes [40, 42].”
Okur, F. Y. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15126854 · Cited by 6
Digital Twin-Enabled Blockage-Aware Dynamic mmWave Multi-Hop V2X Communication
Roongpraiwan, S., Li, Z., Yu, T., & Sakaguchi, K. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583879 · Cited by 7
“This concept enables real-time monitoring and simulation of physical systems within a virtual environment [9].”
Liang, J., Dong, W., & Suh, S. (2025) · Textile Research Journal · doi:10.1177/00405175251339102 · Cited by 4
Digital twin in manufacturing. Part I. State of the art, architecture and applications
Grzesik, W. (2023) · Mechanik · doi:10.17814/mechanik.2023.1.1 · Cited by 4
Digital Twin Concept Utilizing Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Monitoring Seawater Intrusion
de Leon, J. A., Concepcion, R., Billones, R. K. C., Baun, J. J., Custodio, J. M., Vicerra, R. R. P., Bandala, A. A., & Dadios, E. P. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics · doi:10.20965/jaciii.2023.p0012 · Cited by 4
Digital solutions for bespoke apparel achieving mass customization in as service business models
DIMCEA, I., Cozmiuc, D., Botez, D., Darvasi, D., Untaru, M., Wagner, R., & Ţîțu, A. M. (2023) · Industria Textila · doi:10.35530/it.074.01.202281 · Cited by 4
Class Abstraction and Upcasting for Self-evolving Digital Twin System
Lee, Y., Kim, S., & Yoon, K. (2023) · International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC) · doi:10.1109/iceic57457.2023.10049945 · Cited by 4
Chang, P., Barraza, R. B., & Garcia, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM) · doi:10.46254/an12.20220038 · Cited by 4
Digital Twins Data Visualization Methods. Problems of Human Interaction: A Review
Palazhchenko, Y., Shendryk, V., & Shendryk, S. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31066-9_53 · Cited by 6
Wittenberg, C., Boos, S., Harst, F., Lanquillon, C., Ohrnberger, M., Schloer, N., Schoch, F., & Stache, N. C. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35894-4_24 · Cited by 4
Lean 4.0: A Digital Twin approach for automated cycle time collection and Yamazumi analysis
Pinheiro, J. P., Pinto, R., Gonçalves, G., & Ribeiro, A. (2023) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME) · doi:10.1109/iceccme57830.2023.10253311 · Cited by 4
“This method can be highly accurate and efficient since it can rely on DT [21] implementations, allowing for real-time analysis and monitoring of cycle times.”
A BIM-Based Framework for Facility Management Data Integration in Heritage Assets
Biagini, C., Aglietti, A., Marzi, L., & Bongini, A. (2023) · Proceedings e report · doi:10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.115 · Cited by 4
Role of Digital Twin Technology in Medical Sector—Toward Ensuring Safe Healthcare
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Vasumathi, M. T., Sadasivan, M., & Khan, A. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781394272587.ch13 · Cited by 4
IIoT and Digital Twin: A Systematic Literature Review and Looking Beyond the State
Bleistein, T., Paulus, M., Gani, K., Becker, R., & Werth, D. (2025) · Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry · doi:10.1002/asmb.2923 · Cited by 5
Making (common) sense of Urban Digital Twins with Q methodology
van Apeldoorn, N., Mayer, I. S., & Zhou, Q. (2025) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2025.106123 · Cited by 3
SpaceKG: Towards exploiting Knowledge Graphs in space systems
Patrignani, L., Laurenza, E., Sallinger, E., Vlad, A., & Gaudenzi, P. (2025) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.07.007 · Cited by 3
“These systems generate considerable amounts of data useful for several applications such as improving performance, reducing time to market, optimizing operations, and merging information technologies [52].”
A Digital Twin System for the Sitting-to-Standing Motion of the Knee Joint
Liu, T., Sun, L., Sun, C., Chen, Z., Li, J., & Su, P. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14142867 · Cited by 3
Beware of the customer: Managing customer deviance in last mile logistics
Mayr, K., Heininger, R., Teller, C., & Stary, C. (2025) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109796 · Cited by 3
Application of Digital Twin Technology in Intelligent Digital Power Grid
Xiang, B., Chang, H., Sun, L., & Ye, Y. (2025) · 2025 8th Asia Conference on Energy and Electrical Engineering (ACEEE) · doi:10.1109/aceee66257.2025.11148644 · Cited by 1
Analyzing Microservice Communication Performance in Industrial Edge Platform
Pontarolli, R. P., Gaffurini, M., Godoy, E. P., & Ferrari, P. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612701 · Cited by 4
“The adoption of virtualization extends beyond production monitoring, functioning as a unified platform for diverse analytical capabilities [15].”
Differentiating Between Digital Twins and Control Systems for Complex Systems
Lussier, J., Hua, E. Y., Ledford, A., Thomas, L. D., Bossuyt, D. L. V., & Wooley, A. (2025) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4070329 · Cited by 4
Toward privacy-Aware human digital twins: A multi-Layer architecture
Lamazzi, L., Franco, F., & Bedogni, L. (2025) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.108263 · Cited by 3
Beal, J., Fargusson, S., Bui, H., Reihani, S., Khalid, H., & Mohaghegh, Z. (2025) · Nuclear Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2025.114620 · Cited by 3
In-depth analysis of organisational structures for digital twin ecosystems
Melo, V., Pires, F., Barbosa, J., la Prieta, F. D., & Leitão, P. (2025) · Production & Manufacturing Research · doi:10.1080/21693277.2025.2591786 · Cited by 3
“This approach shares similarities with the concepts of digital thread (Negri & Abdel-Aty, 2023) and cognitive DTs (Zheng et al., 2022) and is also addressed for a DT classification type based on its creation time (Singh et al., 2021).”
Segura-Cedres, M., Manzano-Farray, D., Aguiar-Castillo, L., Pérez‐Jiménez, R., Matus, V., Niarchou, E., & Guerra-Yanez, V. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15030567 · Cited by 3
Quantum‐Resistant Security in Digital Twin Healthcare Systems
Jameil, A. K., & Al-Raweshidy, H. S. (2026) · IET Wireless Sensor Systems · doi:10.1049/wss2.70022 · Cited by 3
Hossain, I., Belal, H. M., Ratul, S. H., & Rahman, M. A. (2026) · Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management · doi:10.1007/s40171-026-00491-1 · Cited by 3
“Although DTs have been primarily associated with manufacturing in existing literature (Singh et al., 2021), their application in healthcare has enabled clinicians and researchers to gain deeper insights into disease progression, leading to more accurate diagnoses and more effective therapies (Sun…”
Cycoń, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1866957 · Cited by 3
“…often denotes updated virtual representations, model-data systems, or operational decision-support architectures (Bécue et al., 2020; Lim et al., 2020; Rasheed et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2021; Schneider et al., 2022; Emmert-Streib, 2023; Dihan et al., 2024; Durden, 2025; Underhill et al., 2026).”
DIGITAL TWINNING PROOF OF CONCEPT FOR UTILITY-SCALE SOLAR: BENEFITS, ISSUES, AND ENABLERS
Starkey, J., Hancock, C., Chen, L., & Meng, Q. (2022) · The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences · doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-5-w1-2022-231-2022 · Cited by 3
“Although generally some works argue the twin should be near-perfect (Grieves, 2011, van der Valk et al., 2020, Singh et al., 2021), within the context of the National Digital Twin this should be suited to the Twin’s purpose (Bolton et al., 2018, Jones et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOrdóñez-Bolaños, O.-A., Martínez, L. M. S., & Peluffo-Ordóñez, D. H. (2023) · Revista Facultad de Ingeniería · doi:10.19053/01211129.v32.n63.2023.15254 · Cited by 3
Fatima, A., Reddy, C. K. K., & Sithole, T. (2024) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5893-1.ch007 · Cited by 3
Ka, K. S. D., Bosman, I. D. V., & Smit, D. (2024) · International Academic Mindtrek Conference (Mindtrek) · doi:10.1145/3681716.3681733 · Cited by 3
“A DT is a digital model of a physical system informed by various real-world inputs to create an accurate digital representation of said system [46].”
InfluentialDesign for digital twins in smart manufacturing
Kumar, P., & Channi, H. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28884-5.00019-1 · Cited by 3
de Longueville, S., Bouvet, C., Bénard, E., Jézégou, J., & Gourinat, Y. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace12010002 · Cited by 3
GT-Craft: A Framework for Fast Prototyping Geospatial-Based Digital Twins in Unity 3D
Heo, J., Novlan, T. D., Akoum, S., & Gavrilovska, A. (2024) · IEEE/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC) · doi:10.1109/sec62691.2024.00043 · Cited by 3
Shahin, K. I., & Lazarova‐Molnar, S. (2024) · International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS) · doi:10.1109/icsrs63046.2024.10927469 · Cited by 3
“The existing DTs in the literature are classified into several types in [30] based on different criteria such as when the DT is created, the level of integration, its applications, hierarchy, and maturity level (see Table 2).”
Digital Twin Architecture for IoT-Based Healthcare Systems: A Preliminary Study
Gardašević, G., Katzis, K., & Berbakov, L. (2025) · doi:10.1109/ict65093.2025.11046318 · Cited by 3
“While the physical object interacts constantly and evolves synchronously with its virtual twin throughout its life cycle [7,8], it effectively bridges the physical components and the digital space.”
Harnessing Digital Twins for Building Resilient Food Supply Chains
Yadav, A., Deshpande, P., Kausley, S. B., Rai, B., & Barat, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89654-5_7 · Cited by 3
A Generative AI-Enhanced Digital Twin Framework for Heterogeneous Networks and Smart Environments
Morabito, R., Pandey, B., Daubaris, P., Wanigarathna, Y. R., & Tarkoma, S. (2025) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) · doi:10.1109/infocomwkshps65812.2025.11152795 · Cited by 3
“In recent years, Digital Twins (DTs) have gained significant attention for their ability to create virtual replicas of entire systems, enhancing system monitoring, optimization, and predictive maintenance [1].”
Decision Making with IoT- Paving an Integrated Approach
Bajpai, S., & Pillai, S. (2022) · International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA) · doi:10.1109/dasa54658.2022.9765169 · Cited by 3
“It is possible to categorise digital twins into three main categories, each of which shows when the technique may be used [6]: 1) Digitized Twin Prototype (DTP): This step occurs prior to the creation of a physical product.”
MethodDynamic Blockchain Reconfiguration: Balancing the Trilemma Trade-off Using Digital Twins
Diamantopoulos, G., Tziritas, N., Rami Bahsoon, A., & Theodoropoulos, G. K. (2023) · International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications (DS-RT) · doi:10.1109/ds-rt58998.2023.00026 · Cited by 3
“To tackle the dynamic management of the trilemma trade-off problem, a Digital Twin [3] based architecture is proposed.”
BackgroundMachine Learning Informed Digital Twin for Chemical Flow Processes
Nasruddin, N. A., Islam, N., & Oyekan, J. O. (2023) · Advances in transdisciplinary engineering · doi:10.3233/atde230903 · Cited by 3
Digital Twin is a complex of microservices
Pysin, M. D., & Лобанов, А. С. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202345809012 · Cited by 3
Digital Twin: Definitions, Classification, and Maturity
Thaduri, A. (2024) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39619-9_43 · Cited by 3
Artificial intelligence for machining process monitoring
Ünver, H. Ö., Özbayoğlu, A. M., Söyleyici, C., & Çelik, B. B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99134-6.00010-4 · Cited by 4
Santhi, V., Sabareesh, Y. N. V. S., Sudheer, P. P., & Krishna, V. (2024) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0993-3.ch011 · Cited by 3
Risling, M., Oberle, M., & Bauernhansl, T. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.036 · Cited by 5
Digital twin modeling: A comparison of current approaches
Sommer, L. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.16728.1 · Cited by 3
Fradin, M., Noël, L.-P., Talbot-Lachance, G., Snell, P., Voyer, K., & Rhéaume, C. (2024) · Digital Twin · doi:10.12688/digitaltwin.17936.1 · Cited by 3
Schloer, N., Boos, S., Harst, F., Lanquillon, C., Ohrnberger, M., Schoch, F., Stache, N. C., & Wittenberg, C. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62110-9_47 · Cited by 3
A method to develop a high-fidelity gearbox thermal model based on limited temperature measurements
Monot, A., Touret, T., Changenet, C., Ville, F., Grandgeorge, T., & Fayolle, F. (2024) · Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines · doi:10.1080/15397734.2024.2383962 · Cited by 3
“The creation of a digital twin can offer several benefits, such as predicting the performance of a system, optimizing its maintenance schedule, and reducing costs (Singh et al. 2021).”
Microwave Digital Twin Prototype for Shoulder Injury Detection
Borzooei, S., Tournier, P.-H., Dolean, V., & Migliaccio, C. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24206663 · Cited by 3
“Since 2002, DTs have been widely used and developed for Industry 4.0 applications [10–12].”
MethodInfluentialA Novel Real-Time DEVS Simulation Architecture with Hardware-In-The-Loop Capabilities
Fernández-Sebastián, Ó., Cárdenas, R., Arroba, P., & Risco‐Martín, J. L. (2024) · Annual Modeling and Simulation Conference (ANNSIM) · doi:10.23919/annsim61499.2024.10732833 · Cited by 3
“DTs refers to the virtual copy that aims to replicate the behavior of a physical entity [10], meanwhile HIL is the introduction of hardware components into the simulation loop rather than testing on pure mathematical models [11].”
BackgroundMethodDigital Twins in Drug Discovery: A Paradigm Shift Shaping Pharmaceutical Innovation
Iswariya, V. T., Asireddy, S. R., Vallarapu, N. K., Madhira, J., & Rao, T. R. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology · doi:10.37285/ijpsn.2024.17.5.9 · Cited by 4
Khodadadi, A., & Lazarova‐Molnar, S. (2024) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc63780.2024.10838974 · Cited by 3
“A DT is defined as a virtual representation or model that mirrors a physical object, where both entities are linked through the real-time exchange of data (Singh et al. 2021).”
A digital twin concept to prototype multi-drone based applications
Carramiñana, D., Braga, L. R., Bernardos, A. M., Dobrzycki, A. D., Bergesio, L., Besada, J. A., & Casar, J. R. (2024) · International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT) · doi:10.1145/3703790.3703808 · Cited by 5
Qian, K., Suarez, G. O., Nambara, T., Kanekiyo, T., & Zhang, Y. J. (2025) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cma.2025.118003 · Cited by 6
Ribeiro, A. D. O., Sabbadini, F. S., Costa, K. A., & Cruz, B. S. D. S. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34270 · Cited by 3
RobDT: AI-enhanced Digital Twin for Space Exploration Robotic Assets
Bozzano, M., Bussola, R., Cristoforetti, M., Goyal, S., Jonáš, M., Kapellos, K., Micheli, A., Soldà, D., Tonetta, S., Tranoris, C., et al. (2023) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25755-1_12 · Cited by 3
Patel, A. K., Patel, A. S., & Patel, K. M. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119842316.ch3 · Cited by 3
Exploring Digital Twins Applications for Asset Management in the AEC/FM IndustryPreprint
Mohamed, A., & Shafiq, M. T. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0531.v1 · Cited by 3
Delnevo, G., Tumedei, G., Ghini, V., & Prandi, C. (2024) · IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454647 · Cited by 2
“A digital twin (DT), defined as a virtual replica of a real-world entity that incorporates real-time data to simulate and analyze the conditions of its physical counterpart, serves as the cornerstone of this initiative [12].”
BackgroundDigital Twin Concept and its Applications: A Review
Ji, T., & Nor, N. M. (2024) · Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review · doi:10.25103/jestr.172.22 · Cited by 2
Horváth, I., & Erden, Z. (2024) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4065735 · Cited by 3
Deep Learning Forecasting of Photovoltaics Output Using Digital Twin Data
Vilakazi, N., & van Zyl, T. L. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78255-8_24 · Cited by 2
Fundamentals of Digital Twins, Modeling Approaches, and Governance
Fischer, O. J. P., Sabri, S., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67778-6_2 · Cited by 2
Chabanet, S., El-Haouzi, H. B., & Thomas, P. (2025) · Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory · doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103092 · Cited by 2
AI-Driven Precision Medicine and Personalized Healthcare for Immunological Disorders
Poovathanathil, S. A., Barage, S. H., & Singh, R. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9725-1.ch007 · Cited by 3
Modeling in Industry 4.0: Key Tools and Techniques for Optimization
Cherradi, H., Elasri, A., Lamrani, D., Hamida, S., Cherradi, B., & Rebbani, A. (2025) · International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) · doi:10.1109/iraset64571.2025.11008046 · Cited by 2
“Conceptually, a DT mimics the state of its physical twin in real time and vice versa, DT has the ability to link physical and virtual worlds in real time, which provides more a realistic and holistic measurement of unforeseen and unpredictable scenarios [39].”
Human in the Loop in Digital Twins Enabled Active Learning: A Proposed Architecture
Lamazzi, L., Franco, F., Morandi, R., Picone, M., & Bedogni, L. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C) · doi:10.1109/icsa-c65153.2025.00054 · Cited by 2
“These systems integrate data from sensors, simulations, and machine learning models to provide valuable insights and improve decision-making processes [13].”
Relationship of Digital Product Passport and Digital Twin in Industry 4.0 Context
Melo, V., la Prieta, F. D., & Leitão, P. (2025) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85316-6_14 · Cited by 2
Bao, Z., Siraj, S. B., & Halili, S. H. (2025) · International Conference on Control and Robot Technology (ICCRT) · doi:10.1109/iccrt63554.2025.11072760 · Cited by 2
King, E. G. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251338296 · Cited by 3
“Singh et al. (2021: 3) build on NASA’s definition and examples to propose their description of digital twins as being ‘a virtual representation of a physical object’ in which there is a ‘bidirectional transfer or sharing of data between the physical counterpart and the digital one, including…”
Digital Twins for Data Centre Cooling Optimisation and Waste Heat Recovery
Giordani, S., Scoccia, R., & Aprile, M. (2025) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09040-9_8 · Cited by 2
Sefercik, U. G., Aydin, I., & Nazar, M. (2025) · ISPRS Open Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.ophoto.2025.100108 · Cited by 2
ConvLSTM-Based Surrogate Modeling for Flood Inflow Prediction at Namgang Dam
Sung, J., Jang, S., Kim, T., & Kang, B. (2025) · Journal of Hydrologic Engineering · doi:10.1061/jhyeff.heeng-6608 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., & Devine, D.
- Affiliations
- Athlone Institute of Technology (IE)
- University of Limerick (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Devine, Declan
- Venue
- Applied System Innovation
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-24
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 36
- ISSN
- 2571-5577 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3164800436
- Cited by
- 1,038
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 189 · 2025: 275 · 2024: 260 · 2023: 198 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 74.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied System Innovation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Research@THEA (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland (16/RC/3918)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Applied Advanced Technologies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Digital Innovation in Industries
- Keywords
- digital twin, physical twin, Industry 4.0, real-time data exchange, predictive maintenance, digital thread, digital models, digital shadow, terminology confusion, industrial digitalization
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