Cited by 181Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants StudiesMedicinal Plant ResearchEssential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity

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Introduction to Traditional Medicine and Their Role in Prevention and Treatment of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases

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Rizvi, Syed A. A., Einstein, George P., Tulp, Orien L., Sainvil, Frantz, Branly, Rolando·2022·Biomolecules

DOI 10.3390/biom12101442PMC PMC9599697

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Abstract

Infectious diseases have been a threat to human health globally. The relentless efforts and research have enabled us to overcome most of the diseases through the use of antiviral and antibiotic agents discovered and employed. Unfortunately, the microorganisms have the capability to adapt and mutate over time and antibiotic and antiviral resistance ensues. There are many challenges in treating infections such as failure of the microorganisms to respond to the therapeutic agents, which has led to more chronic infections, complications, and preventable loss of life. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration is warranted to create more potent, effective, and versatile therapies to prevent and eradicate the old and newly emerging diseases. In the recent past, natural medicine has proven its effectiveness against various illnesses. Most of the pharmaceutical agents currently used can trace their origin to the natural products in one way, shape, or form. The full potential of natural products is yet to be realized, as numerous natural resources have not been explored and analyzed. This merits continuous support in research and analysis of ancient treatment systems to explore their full potential and employ them as an alternative or principal therapy.

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Figure 1 “Determinants for the use of Traditional Medicines”. Reprinted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License from, Stanifer, J.W.; Patel, U.D.; Karia, F.; et al. The determinants of traditional medicine use in Northern Tanzania: a mixed-methods study. PLoS ONE 2015, 10(4), e0122638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122638.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Traditional systems of medicine (TSMs) of India. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. Figure obtained from an article published in Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7 (1), Jaiswal YS, Williams LL, A glimpse of Ayurveda—The forgotten history and principles of Indian traditional medicine, 50–53, Copyright Elsevier (2016).CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3 Some of the herbs used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: Zhang XR, Li TN, Ren YY, et al. The Important Role of Volatile Components From a Traditional Chinese Medicine Dayuan-Yin Against the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Pharmacol 2020, 11, 583651. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.583651.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 4 Possible mechanisms of NAC acting as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Elhidsi, M., Fachrucha, F., & Yudha Irawan, R. (2021). N-Acetylcysteine for COVID-19: A Potential Adjuvant Therapy. Journal of Health Sciences, 11(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2020.1156.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 5 Various mechanisms via which quercetin neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 virus. Reproduced from reference [170] with permission.CC BY · PubMed Central

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“One of these studies after three months determined that surface electromyographic signals, while performing the different poses, suggested that the downward facing poses were the most effective to strengthen abdominal muscles [38].”
Background
The role of glutathione in radiation and drug induced cytotoxicity.
Mitchell, J. B., & Russo, A. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 185
A review of the therapeutic and biological effects of edible and wild mushrooms
Ganesan, A., Udayakumar, G. P., Yamini, N., Sivarajasekar, N., Rambabu, K., Bharath, G., & BANAT, F. A. (2021) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2021.2001183 · Cited by 180 · cited 1×
“They have emerged as important sources of compounds demonstrating antitumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties [98].”
Background
Oral Curcumin With Piperine as Adjuvant Therapy for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Pawar, K. S., Mastud, R. N., Pawar, S. K., Pawar, S. S., Bhoite, R. R., Bhoite, R. R., Kulkarni, M., & Deshpande, A. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.669362 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“Studies have shown that curcumin has been effective against the COVID-19 variant [74].”
Background
Combating COVID-19 with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in China
Ni, L., Chen, L., Huang, X., Han, C., Xu, J., Zhang, H., Luan, X., Zhao, Y., Xu, J., Yuan, W.-A., et al. (2020) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.009 · Cited by 178 · cited 1×
“The role of TCM in treating COVID-19 cannot be overlooked [62].”
Background
Recent advances in plant hepatoprotectives: A chemical and biological profile of some important leads
Negi, A. S., Kumar, J. K., Luqman, S., Shanker, K., Gupta, M. M., & Khanuja, S. P. S. (2007) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20115 · Cited by 175 · cited 1×
“Some examples are glycyrrhizin, which has been used in the management of viral hepatitis; ellagic acid, which has been used to manage fibrosis; and hepatitis B has been managed with phyllanthin [11].”
Background
Flavonols as potential antiviral drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteases (3CLpro and PLpro), spike protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor (ACE2)
Mouffouk, C., Mouffouk, S., Mouffouk, S., Hambaba, L., & Haba, H. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173759 · Cited by 172 · cited 7×
“Quercetin has shown strong inhibitory activity against human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors (hACE2) expression, thus blocking the SARS-CoV-2 entry in the human cells [168].”
BackgroundInfluential
Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application
Brotosudarmo, T. H. P., Limantara, L., Setiyono, E., & Heriyanto (2020) · International Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1155/2020/2156582 · Cited by 167
COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law
Freckelton, I. R. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101611 · Cited by 150 · cited 1×
“Multiple organizations and companies had been warned on issuing misleading and false information related to the cure and the treatment of COVID-19 [6].”
Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials
Hawkins, J., Baker, C., Cherry, L., & Dunne, E. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“One of the properties that make it important for protection against vascular disease is its ability to penetrate the endothelial cells [83].”
Background
Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: a review
Wang, L., Li, J., Zhang, J., Li, Z.-M., Liu, H., & Wang, Y. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra07219b · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“The mushrooms have been an important therapeutic raw material in folk medicine; for instance, the reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) was regarded as a panacea in traditional Chinese medicine [100].”
Background
β-glucans and cholesterol (Review)
Šíma, P., Vannucci, L. E., & Větvička, V. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3411 · Cited by 141 · cited 1×
“The glucans and the chitosans have shown antilipemic effects as they decrease the LDL cholesterol levels and the absorption of fat in the gut [104].”
Background
Naturopathy and the Primary Care Practice
Fleming, S., & Gutknecht, N. C. (2010) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.002 · Cited by 140 · cited 2×
“At the end of the treatment, the physician explores the emotional, physical, mental, and mental aspects of one’s health [39,40].”
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A review for the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system
Lu, J., Ma, Y., Wu, J., Huang, H., Wang, X., Chen, Z., Chen, J., He, H., & Huang, C. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078 · Cited by 137 · cited 2×
“reduction of the phosphorylated tau proteins, and the maturation of the amyloid-beta aggregate in the aged degus [128].”
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Glutathione, an Antioxidant Tripeptide: Dual Roles in Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention
Narayanankutty, A., Job, J. T., & Narayanankutty, V. (2019) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/1389203720666190206130003 · Cited by 126 · cited 2×
“components of propolis, has shown the ability to downgrade the RAC, a signaling protein in human cells [90].”
Background
Complementary and Alternative Healthcare: Is it Evidence-based?
Tabish, S. A. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 125
Identifying potential treatments of COVID-19 from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by using a data-driven approach
Ren, X., Shao, X.-X., Li, X., Jia, X., Song, T., Zhou, W., Wang, P., Li, Y., Wang, X., Cui, Q., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112932 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“Studies have shown that these agents have compounds that contain broad antiviral and antibacterial properties, and they are more advantageous in treating pneumonia and other diseases [61].”
Background
A Comprehensive Review of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Its Constituents as Potential Lead Compounds for COVID-19 Drug Discovery
Intharuksa, A., Arunotayanun, W., Yooin, W., & Sirisa-ard, P. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27144479 · Cited by 115 · cited 1×
“paniculata for the advanced users as a monotherapy and combination with other drugs against the COVID-19 virus [131,132].”
Background
Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Tiralongo, E., Wee, S., & Lea, R. A. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040182 · Cited by 114
Probiotics and Covid-19
Bottari, B., Castellone, V., & Neviani, E. (2020) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2020.1807475 · Cited by 112
PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19
Maruta, H., & He, H. Z. (2020) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039 · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“However, hypersensitivity reactions should be considered when using it for treatment [136,138].”
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Integrative Medicine in America—-How Integrative Medicine is Being Practiced in Clinical Centers across the United States
Horrigan, B. J., Lewis, S., Abrams, D. I., & Pechura, C. M. (2012) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.3.006 · Cited by 106 · cited 2×
“The patient may be questioned on their entire health history, lifestyle patterns, quantum, and any reason that may lead to the acquisition of an illness [39].”
Background
Potential of natural astaxanthin in alleviating the risk of cytokine storm in COVID-19
Talukdar, J., Bhadra, B., Dattaroy, T., Nagle, V. L., & Dasgupta, S. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110886 · Cited by 104
Siddha Medicine—background and principles and the application for skin diseases
Thas, J. J. (2008) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.11.010 · Cited by 103 · cited 2×
“It has been used to treat both acute and chronic illnesses that include, but are not limited to, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hemiplegia parkinsonism, muscular disorders, skin diseases, digestive disorders, respiratory diseases, and arthritis [28].”
Background
Antiviral Drug Discovery for the Treatment of COVID-19 Infections
Ng, T. I., Correia, I., Seagal, J., DeGoey, D. A., Schrimpf, M. R., Hardee, D. J., Noey, E. L., & Kati, W. M. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14050961 · Cited by 101 · cited 1×
“However, many antivirals and vaccines are being used currently with varying degrees of success [1].”
Background
An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Elderberry and Elderflower ( Sambucus nigra ) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration
Ulbricht, C. E., Basch, E., Cheung, L., Goldberg, H., Hammerness, P. G., Isaac, R., Khalsa, K. P. S., Romm, A. J., Rychlik, I., Varghese, M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.3109/19390211.2013.859852 · Cited by 97 · cited 1×
“Some of the side effects that have been reported upon its use include nausea and vomiting, hypokalemia, dehydration, tachycardia, hypotension, and diarrhea [86].”
Background
Drug development for liver diseases: focus on picroliv, ellagic acid and curcumin
Girish, C., & Pradhan, S. C. (2008) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00618.x · Cited by 94 · cited 1×
“The compounds have different mechanisms of action and characteristics, usually presenting an intrinsic beneficial or toxic effect, and have been used as hepatoprotective agents and as antioxidants [12].”
Background
Improved glutathione status in young adult patients with cystic fibrosis supplemented with whey protein
Grey, V., Mohammed, S. R., Smountas, A. A., Bahlool, R., & Lands, L. C. (2003) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/s1569-1993(03)00097-3 · Cited by 93 · cited 2×
“Kaempferol and chrysine were highly potent in preventing the replications [89].”
Background
Prevention and treatment of infectious diseases by traditional Chinese medicine: a commentary
Ma, Y., Chen, M., Guo, Y., Liu, J., Chen, W., Guan, M.-Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Li, H., et al. (2019) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12928 · Cited by 93 · cited 2×
“This system’s diagnostic tools include some modern techniques integrated with traditional Chinese methods such as listening, physical inspection of the clients, and touching to identify the causes of disease [52].”
BackgroundMethod
Therapeutic Applications of Curcumin in Diabetes: A Review and Perspective
Quispe, C., Herrera-Bravo, J., Javed, Z., Khan, K., Raza, S., Gulsunoglu-Konuskan, Z., Daştan, S. D., Sytar, O., Martorell, M., Sharifi-Rad, J., et al. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/1375892 · Cited by 92 · cited 2×
“The importance of the plant in treatment is from its orange-yellowed color, which is the most potent component [69].”
Background
Ayurvedic treatment of COVID-19: A case report
Girija, P. L. T., & Sivan, N. (2020) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2020.06.001 · Cited by 89 · cited 2×
“On the fifth day, all of the symptoms previously reported were absent, and the nasopharynx test was negative [46].”
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Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID-19 pandemic
Antunes, A. E. C., Vinderola, G., Xavier-Santos, D., & Sivieri, K. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109577 · Cited by 86 · cited 1×
“Some scientists are looking into using probiotics to address COVID-19 [142,143].”
The effect of quercetin on the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections in humans: A rapid review
Aucoin, M., Cooley, K., Saunders, P. R., Cardozo, V., Remy, D., Cramer, H., Abad, C. N., & Hannan, N. (2020) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.007 · Cited by 86
Mushrooms of the Genus Ganoderma Used to Treat Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
Wińska, K., Mączka, W. K., Gabryelska, K., & Grabarczyk, M. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24224075 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“The mechanism of action is by inhibiting aromatase activities, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of estrogen [110].”
Background
The Therapeutic and Prophylactic Potential of Quercetin against COVID-19: An Outlook on the Clinical Studies, Inventive Compositions, and Patent Literature
Imran, M., Thabet, H. K., Alaqel, S. I., Alzahrani, A. R., Khan, A., Alshammari, M. K., Kamal, M., Diwan, A., Asdaq, S. M. B., & Alshehri, S. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11050876 · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“) and drugs, results in lessening the clinical manifestations [160,171].”
Background
Effects of Medicinal Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression
Větvička, V., Teplyakova, T. V., Shintyapina, A. B., & Короленко, Т. А. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7040250 · Cited by 79
Turmeric Root and Its Bioactive Ingredient Curcumin Effectively Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro
Bormann, M., Alt, M., Schipper, L., van de Sand, L., Le‐Trilling, V. T. K., Rink, L., Heinen, N., Madel, R. J., Otte, M., Wuensch, K., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13101914 · Cited by 79 · cited 1×
“It has effectively treated enveloped viruses that cause influenza A and other respiratory illnesses [73].”
Background
Quercetin and luteolin are single-digit micromolar inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Munafò, F., Donati, E., Brindani, N., Ottonello, G., Armirotti, A., & Vivo, M. D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14664-2 · Cited by 78
Antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant effects of quercetin and its derivatives: Potential role in prevention and management of COVID-19
Manjunath, S. H., & Thimmulappa, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.009 · Cited by 76
Quercetin Alleviates Oxidative Damage by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling in Porcine Enterocytes
Jia, H., Zhang, Y., Si, X., Jin, Y., Jiang, D., Dai, Z., & Wu, Z. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020375 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“Quercetin is a potent nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) agonists and these agonists are known to prevent SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro [163,164].”
Background
A concise review of mushrooms antiviral and immunomodulatory properties that may combat against COVID-19
Arunachalam, K., Sasidharan, S. P., & Yang, X. (2022) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2022.100023 · Cited by 72
Evidence-Based ZHENG: A Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome
Su, S.-B., Lü, A., Li, S., & Jia, W. P. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/246538 · Cited by 70 · cited 12×
“Some of the interventions that can be used to treat the Zheng, in this case, include warming of the uterus to mitigate the cold, relieve pain, and decrease the stasis.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Can medicinal mushrooms have prophylactic or therapeutic effect against COVID‐19 and its pneumonic superinfection and complicating inflammation?
Hetland, G., Johnson, E., Bernardshaw, S. V., & Grinde, B. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.12937 · Cited by 70
A Brief History of Homeopathy
Loudon, I. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680609901206 · Cited by 70
Andrographolide, a New Hope in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome
Islam, M. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00571 · Cited by 67
Effect of harvesting year and elderberry cultivar on the chemical composition and potential bioactivity: A three-year study
Ferreira, S. S., Silva, P., Silva, A. M., & Nunes, F. M. (2019) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125366 · Cited by 66 · cited 1×
“These amounts of the content often remain higher in the presence of glucose but lower in ascorbic acid and fructose [80].”
Background
Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systematic review
Wieland, L. S., Piechotta, V., Feinberg, T., Ludeman, E. M., Hutton, B., Kanji, S., Seely, D., & Garritty, C. (2021) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03283-5 · Cited by 66 · cited 2×
“Statistics showed that in March of 2020, when the surge of the COVID-19 infections was at the zenith, the purchase of elderberry and zinc supplements was on the rise too; this had increased by 255% and 415%, respectively [5].”
Background
Medicinal mushrooms: Towards a new horizon
Jain, A. P., Ganeshpurkar, A., & Rai, G. (2010) · Pharmacognosy Reviews/Bioinformatics Trends/Pharmacognosy review · doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70904 · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“The latter exhibited both inflammatory and antioxidative properties [111].”
Background
N-Acetylcysteine as Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19 – A Perspective on the Current State of the Evidence
Wong, K. K., Lee, S. W. H., & Kua, K. P. (2021) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s306849 · Cited by 62
Astaxanthin and β-carotene in Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastric Inflammation: A Mini-review on Action Mechanisms
Kang, H., & Kim, H. (2017) · Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.15430/jcp.2017.22.2.57 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“The exact mechanism of action against these microorganisms is not known [121].”
Background
Ayurveda: Between Religion, Spirituality, and Medicine
Keßler, C. S., Wischnewsky, M. B., Michalsen, A., Eisenmann, C., & Melzer, J. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/952432 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“History has shown that the spiritual teachers who first introduced Ayurveda combined it with other morally accepted practices such as vegetarianism, which has become acceptable as a harmonious pivotal system for the former, rather than an established holistic healing system which it truly is [19].”
Background
Oral Co-Supplementation of Curcumin, Quercetin, and Vitamin D3 as an Adjuvant Therapy for Mild to Moderate Symptoms of COVID-19—Results From a Pilot Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial
Khan, A. P., Iqtadar, S., Mumtaz, S. U., Heinrich, M., Pascual-Figal, D. A., Livingstone, S. J., & Abaidullah, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.898062 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“) and drugs, results in lessening the clinical manifestations [160,171].”
Background
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) – Does its contemporary business booming and globalization really reconfirm its medical efficacy & safety?
Xu, J., & Xia, Z. (2019) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2019.100003 · Cited by 56
Innovations and development of Covid-19 vaccines: A patent review
Alshrari, A. S., Hudu, S. A., Imran, M., Asdaq, S. M. B., Alreshidi, M. A., & Rabbani, S. I. (2021) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.021 · Cited by 54 · cited 1×
“Quercetin has shown strong inhibitory activity against human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors (hACE2) expression, thus blocking the SARS-CoV-2 entry in the human cells [168].”
Background
Use of N-Acetylcysteine at high doses as an oral treatment for patients hospitalized with COVID-19
Izquierdo-Alonso, J. L., Soriano, J. B., González, Y., Lumbreras, S., Ancochea, J., Echeverry, C., & González-Moro, J. M. R. (2022) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504221074574 · Cited by 53
A short history of the development of homeopathy in India
Ghosh, A. K. (2010) · Homeopathy · doi:10.1016/j.homp.2009.10.001 · Cited by 52 · cited 1×
“Homeopathy has been utilized as a healing system in the traditional Indian medical system for over a century [34].”
Background
Fatty acid and amino acid compositions of selected wild-edible mushrooms consumed in Turkey
Ayaz, F. ̇. A., Chuang, L. T., Torun, H., Colak, A., Sesli, E., Presley, J. M., Smith, B. R., & Glew, R. H. (2010) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2010.533160 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“The amino acids content in the edible mushrooms is also linked to the anti-inflammatory effects of the medical mushrooms; they have been shown to play a role in the metabolism of prostaglandins [106].”
Background
Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Management of Viral Pneumonia
Xi, S., Li, Y., Yue, L., Gong, Y., Qian, L., Liang, T., & Ye, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.582322 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“The healer identifies the correct Zheng by utilizing the observed symptoms and signs obtained by observation and feeling; they are not completely accurate [57].”
Background
Are Nutraceuticals Effective in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Prevention and Treatment?
Catalano, A. A., Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Maio, A. C. D., Basile, G., Giuzio, F., Bonomo, M. G., Aquaro, S., Walsh, T. J., Sinicropi, M. S., et al. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11182884 · Cited by 48 · cited 1×
“vented various zoonotic coronaviruses as well as other viruses’ entry into host cells [165,166].”
Background
Nanocurcumin Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Cytokine Storm by Deactivation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling in Epithelial Cells
Sharma, V. K., Prateeksha, Singh, S. P., Singh, B. N., Rao, C. V., & Barik, S. K. (2022) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.1c00874 · Cited by 47
Chinese guidelines related to novel coronavirus pneumonia
Qiu, T., Liang, S., Dabbous, M., Wang, Y., Han, R., & Toumi, M. (2020) · Journal of Market Access & Health Policy · doi:10.1080/20016689.2020.1818446 · Cited by 46 · cited 1×
“used to manage the infection that entails the symptomatic treatment, the use of antiviral agents, and the application of the principles of traditional Chinese medicine [60].”
Method
The Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus nigra Haschberg during Growth Phases: From Buds to Ripening
Marțiș, G. S., Mureşan, V., Marc, R. A., MUREȘAN, C. C., Pop, C. R., BUZGĂU, G., Mureşan, A. E., Ungur, R. A., & MUSTE, S. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10071093 · Cited by 46 · cited 1×
“The presence of phenols makes the elderberry an ideal medicine and has high antioxidant properties [77].”
Background
Enzymatic transformation of PGH2 to PGF2α catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases
Burgess, J. R., Yang, H., Chang, M., Maddipati, K. R., Tu, C. D., & Reddy, C. C. (1987) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(87)90294-4 · Cited by 44
Clinical efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine Xiao Yao San in insomnia combined with anxiety
Hu, J., Teng, J., Wang, W., Yang, N., Tian, H., Zhang, W., Peng, X., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000027608 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“It is also hypothesized to be effective against the pathogenesis of molecular targets to treat and prevent diseases [72].”
Background
A brief history of homeopathy
Loudon, I. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.12.607 · Cited by 43
Transit and Metabolic Pathways of Quercetin in Tubular Cells: Involvement of Its Antioxidant Properties in the Kidney
Muñoz-Reyes, D., Morales, A. I., & Prieto, M. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10060909 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“The absorbed Quercetin goes through II metabolism and gets excreted in urine through kidney and bile through liver [157].”
Background
[Biologically active compounds of edible mushrooms and their beneficial impact on health].
Rajewska, J., & Bałasińska, B. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 41
A Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal as well as Poisonous Mushrooms
Sharma, D., Singh, V., & Singh, N. K. (2017) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557517666170927144119 · Cited by 41 · cited 6×
“α-Linolenic acid (ALA) has been an essential component for normal health and basic nutrition; it is a precursor of long-chained PUFAs [107,109].”
BackgroundInfluential
The use of integrative therapy based on Yoga and Ayurveda in the treatment of a high-risk case of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 with multiple comorbidities: a case report
Mishra, A., Bentur, S. A., Thakral, S., Garg, R. D., & Duggal, B. (2021) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-020-02624-1 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“There is also an apparent relationship between yoga and Ayurveda [18].”
Background
Chemical characteristics of cultivated elderberry fruit
Vulić, J., Vračar, L., & Šumić, Z. M. (2008) · Acta periodica technologica · doi:10.2298/apt0839085v · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“The flavanols are tenfold more in the flowers than the fruits and the leaves [78,79].”
Background
HIV Type-1 Entry Inhibitors with a New Mode of Action
Fink, R. C., Roschek, B., & Alberte, R. S. (2009) · Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy · doi:10.1177/095632020901900604 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“The antimicrobial activity of the flower extracts was more pronounced than that of the fruit extracts [84].”
Background
Therapeutic potential of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in preventing cytokine storm in COVID-19: review of current evidence.
Mohanty, R. R., Padhy, B. M., Das, S., & Meher, B. R. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.26355/eurrev_202103_25442 · Cited by 40
Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: A systematic review of in silico and clinical studies
Dilokthornsakul, W., Kosiyaporn, R., Wuttipongwaragon, R., & Dilokthornsakul, P. (2022) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.008 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
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Method
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MethodInfluential
Quercetin Administration Suppresses the Cytokine Storm in Myeloid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Verna, G., Liso, M., Cavalcanti, E., Bianco, G., Sarno, V. D., Santino, A., Campiglia, P., & Chieppa, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158349 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
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Astaxanthin protective barrier and its ability to improve the health in patients with COVID-19
Ahmadi, A.-R., & Ayazi‐Nasrabadi, R. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.18502/ijm.v13i4.6965 · Cited by 20
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Understanding Acupuncture Based on ZHENG Classification from System Perspective
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MethodInfluential
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See all 181

Authors: Rizvi, S. A. A., Einstein, G. P., Tulp, O. L., Sainvil, F., & Branly, R.
Affiliations: Larkin University (US)
University of Science, Art and Technology (MS)
Broward College (US)
Corresponding author: Rizvi, Syed A. A.
ORCID: Rizvi, Syed A. A.
Tulp, Orien L.
Venue: Biomolecules
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2022-10-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Pages: 1442
ISSN: 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/biom12101442
PMC: PMC9599697
OpenAlex: W4303856798
Cited by: 181
References: 175
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 10
FWCI: 2.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Keywords: traditional medicine, natural products, emerging infectious diseases, re-emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance, antiviral resistance, chronic infection, herbal medicine, complementary and alternative medicine
MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antiviral Agents, Biological Products, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Medicine, Traditional

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Introduction to Traditional Medicine and Their Role in Prevention and Treatment of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases

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