Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Exciting Potential as the Future of Next-Generation Drug Delivery
Open accessAbstract
Plant cells release tiny membranous vesicles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmacologically active compounds. These plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) are safe and easily extractable and have been shown to have therapeutic effects against inflammation, cancer, bacteria, and aging. They have shown promise in preventing or treating colitis, cancer, alcoholic liver disease, and even COVID-19. PDEVs can also be used as natural carriers for small-molecule drugs and nucleic acids through various administration routes such as oral, transdermal, or injection. The unique advantages of PDEVs make them highly competitive in clinical applications and preventive healthcare products in the future. This review covers the latest methods for isolating and characterizing PDEVs, their applications in disease prevention and treatment, and their potential as a new drug carrier, with special attention to their commercial viability and toxicological profile, as the future of nanomedicine therapeutics. This review champions the formation of a new task force specializing in PDEVs to address a global need for rigor and standardization in PDEV research.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Plant-derived EVs offer practical advantages of lower immunogenicity and reduced risk of transmissible pathogens, greater raw-material scalability and cost-effectiveness, and easier sourcing/ethical profile compared with mammalian sources.
“In addition, plant-derived EVs offer practical advantages of lower immunogenicity and reduced risk of transmissible pathogens, greater raw-material scalability and cost-effectiveness, and easier sourcing/ethical profile compared with mammalian sources [27].”
From A 28-Day Pilot Study of the Effects on Facial Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Texture of a Centella asiatica Extracellular Vesicle-Based Skin Care Formulation (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes immunogenicity and ethical concerns with animal-derived EVs, and says plant EVs are easier to procure and scale up economically. It does not establish a lower risk of transmissible pathogens from plant EVs; the passages found on contamination do not make that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Théry, C., Witwer, K. W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M. J., Anderson, J. D., Andriantsitohaina, R., Antoniou, A., Arab, T., Archer, F., Atkin‐Smith, G. K., et al. (2018) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750 · Cited by 11,099 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Overall, the MISEV2018 Checklist provides a standardized approach for reporting studies of EVs, which can help ensure that studies are accurately characterized and can aid in the comparison of results across studies [46].”
BackgroundThe biology <b>,</b> function <b>,</b> and biomedical applications of exosomes
Kalluri, R., & LeBleu, V. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau6977 · Cited by 10,770 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Inflammation is caused by an imbalance in the immune system and can lead to acute or chronic diseases [56].”
BackgroundDelivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes
Alvarez-Erviti, L., Seow, Y., Yin, H., Betts, C., Lakhal, S., & Wood, M. J. A. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1807 · Cited by 4,930 · see citing works
Cell Survival Responses to Environmental Stresses Via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway
Kensler, T. W., Wakabayashi, N., & Biswal, S. (2007) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141046 · Cited by 3,630 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Once inside cells, PD EVs can regulate crucial hubs such as NRF2 and NLRP3, which play important roles in regulating cellular responses to stress and inflammation and can affect downstream gene expression [78,79].”
BackgroundExosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer
Kamerkar, S., LeBleu, V. S., Sugimoto, H., Yang, S., Ruivo, C. F., Melo, S. A., Lee, J. J., & Kalluri, R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22341 · Cited by 2,639 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The benefits of EV-mediated delivery include low immunogenicity, ability to penetrate biological barriers, potential ability to reach and treat hard-to-reach areas such as solid tumors, and longer half-life in the blood compared to alternative methods [97–99].”
MethodBaulcombe, D. C. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02874 · Cited by 2,556 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…liver. sRNA, a type of non-coding regulatory RNA that ranges from 20 to 30 nucleotides, plays a crucial role in controlling gene expression [67,68]. sRNA can spread to different parts of animals through EVs, transmembrane proteins, high-density lipoprotein complexes, or gap junctions [69].”
BackgroundRNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications
O’Brien, K., Breyne, K., Ughetto, S., Laurent, L. C., & Breakefield, X. O. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0251-y · Cited by 1,811 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These categories are exosomes (50–150 nm), microvesicles (100–1000 nm), large oncosomes (1000–10,000 nm), and apoptotic bodies (100–5000 nm) [2].”
BackgroundPlants send small RNAs in extracellular vesicles to fungal pathogen to silence virulence genes
Cai, Q., Qiao, L., Wang, M., He, B., Lin, F., Palmquist, J., Huang, S.-D., & Jin, H. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar4142 · Cited by 1,272 · cited 4× · see citing works
“There is evidence of various types of sRNA present in PDEVs, which can be carried and introduced into eukaryotic cells through EVs, leading to a therapeutic effect through RNA interference through various mechanisms of action [57,61,71].”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, L., Hou, D., Chen, X., Li, D., Zhu, L., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Bian, Z., Liang, X., Cai, X., et al. (2012) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2011.158 · Cited by 1,216 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PDEVs have been shown to contain and deliver functionally active miRNAs from dietary sources and are capable of surviving the harsh environment of the digestive tract [21,22].”
BackgroundEngineering exosomes as refined biological nanoplatforms for drug delivery
Luan, X., Sansanaphongpricha, K., Myers, I., Chen, H., Yuan, H., & Sun, D. (2017) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2017.12 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
Plant-derived exosomal MicroRNAs shape the gut microbiota
Teng, Y., Ren, Y., Sayed, M., Hu, X., Lei, C., Kumar, A., Hutchins, E., Mu, J., Deng, Z., Luo, C., et al. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.10.001 · Cited by 1,027 · cited 2× · see citing works
“They produce these effects through various mechanisms, such as gene regulation, influence on gut microbiota, macrophage activity, gene silencing, and the presence of specific active molecules [1,29,36].”
BackgroundConcepts of nanoparticle cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and kinetics in nanomedicine
Donahue, N. D., Acar, H., & Wilhelm, S. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.008 · Cited by 962 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The uptake of A sparagus cochinchi-nensis -derived EVs was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization that is required for phagocytosis, suggesting that the internalization of EVs likely occurs via the phagocytosis pathway [50,95].”
BackgroundJu, S., Mu, J., Dokland, T., Zhuang, X., Wang, Q., Jiang, H., Xiang, X., Deng, Z., Wang, B., Zhang, L., et al. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.64 · Cited by 880 · cited 3× · see citing works
“PDEVs, such as those from ginger, grapefruit, and grapes, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in several studies [4,6,10].”
BackgroundGeneration and testing of clinical-grade exosomes for pancreatic cancer
Mendt, M. C., Kamerkar, S., Sugimoto, H., McAndrews, K. M., Wu, C.-C., Gagea, M., Yang, S., Blanko, E. V. R., Peng, Q., Ma, X., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.99263 · Cited by 795 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The benefits of EV-mediated delivery include low immunogenicity, ability to penetrate biological barriers, potential ability to reach and treat hard-to-reach areas such as solid tumors, and longer half-life in the blood compared to alternative methods [97–99].”
MethodPlant Exosome-like Nanovesicles: Emerging Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Nanoplatforms
Dad, H. A., Gu, T.-W., Zhu, A.-Q., Huang, L., & Peng, L. (2020) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.030 · Cited by 761 · cited 2× · see citing works
“They produce these effects through various mechanisms, such as gene regulation, influence on gut microbiota, macrophage activity, gene silencing, and the presence of specific active molecules [1,29,36].”
BackgroundProtein typing of circulating microvesicles allows real-time monitoring of glioblastoma therapy
Shao, H., Chung, J., Balaj, L., Charest, A., Bigner, D. D., Carter, B. S., Hochberg, F. H., Breakefield, X. O., Weissleder, R., & Lee, H. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2994 · Cited by 757 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This can be achieved using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) [41] or other methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [42] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [43], as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) [42], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [42], and tunable resistive pulse…”
MethodSmall Silencing RNAs in Plants Are Mobile and Direct Epigenetic Modification in Recipient Cells
Molnár, A., Melnyk, C. W., Bassett, A. R., Hardcastle, T. J., Dunn, R. M., & Baulcombe, D. C. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1187959 · Cited by 734 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In plants, sRNA can be transmitted from one cell to another through plasmodesmata or the vascular system [70].”
BackgroundMu, J., Zhuang, X., Wang, Q., Jiang, H., Deng, Z., Wang, B., Zhang, L., Kakar, S. S., Jun, Y., Miller, D. M., et al. (2014) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300729 · Cited by 731 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, lipids assembled from grape-derived EVs have been found to play a role in targeting and promoting the growth of colon stem cells [4,63].”
BackgroundMateescu, B., Kowal, E. J. K., van Balkom, B. W. M., Bartel, S., Bhattacharyya, S. N., Buzás, E. I., Buck, A. H., de Candia, P., Chow, F. W., Das, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1080/20013078.2017.1286095 · Cited by 729 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Recent developments in EV research in plasma illustrate the difficulties encountered when performing EV-RNA analysis in body fluids [38–40].”
BackgroundMethodIntercellular communication: diverse structures for exchange of genetic information
Mittelbrunn, M., & Sánchez‐Madrid, F. (2012) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3335 · Cited by 661 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…liver. sRNA, a type of non-coding regulatory RNA that ranges from 20 to 30 nucleotides, plays a crucial role in controlling gene expression [67,68]. sRNA can spread to different parts of animals through EVs, transmembrane proteins, high-density lipoprotein complexes, or gap junctions [69].”
BackgroundExtracellular Vesicles Isolated from the Leaf Apoplast Carry Stress-Response Proteins
Rutter, B. D., & Innes, R. W. (2016) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.16.01253 · Cited by 653 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…databases of proteomic analysis, contaminations from cytosolic or enzyme proteins, and most importantly, their typically low protein concentration; however, it was seen that this can change significantly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses such as external infections by pathogens [25–27].”
BackgroundTargeted Drug Delivery to Intestinal Macrophages by Bioactive Nanovesicles Released from Grapefruit
Wang, B., Zhuang, X., Deng, Z.-B., Jiang, H., Mu, J., Wang, Q., Xiang, X., Guo, H., Zhang, L., Dryden, G. W., et al. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.190 · Cited by 640 · cited 9× · see citing works
“These findings suggest that grapefruit-derived EVs can be used as an oral drug delivery system to reduce inflammation in human diseases [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialGinger‐derived nanoparticles protect against alcohol‐induced liver damage
Zhuang, X., Deng, Z., Mu, J., Zhang, L., Yan, J., Miller, D. M., Feng, W., McClain, C. J., & Zhang, H. (2015) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.3402/jev.v4.28713 · Cited by 621 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…derived from PDEVs are well studied and known to play a vital role in plant exosomal stability and the uptake by specific targeting of cells, such as the gut and the liver, and their lipid composition affects which recipient cells are targeted and thereby affected by its cargo [28–30].”
BackgroundThe Methods of Choice for Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Characterization
Szatanek, R., Baj‐Krzyworzeka, M., Zimoch, J., Lekka, M., Siedlar, M., & Baran, J. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18061153 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Delivery of therapeutic agents by nanoparticles made of grapefruit-derived lipids
Wang, Q., Zhuang, X., Mu, J., Deng, Z., Jiang, H., Zhang, L., Xiang, X., Wang, B., Yan, J., Miller, D., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2886 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Raimondo, S., Naselli, F., Fontana, S., Monteleone, F., Dico, A. L., Saieva, L., Zito, G., Flugy, A. M., Manno, M., Bella, M. A. D., et al. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4004 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Technical challenges of working with extracellular vesicles
Ramirez, M. I., de Amorim, M. G., Gadelha, C., Milic, I., Welsh, J. A., Freitas, V. M., Nawaz, M., Akbar, N., Couch, Y., Makin, L., et al. (2017) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c7nr08360b · Cited by 518 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [42] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [43], as well as dynamic light sca tt ering (DLS) [42], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [42], and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) [40,44]. have been obtained from ) may affect the EV isolation method.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeng, Z., Rong, Y., Teng, Y., Mu, J., Zhuang, X., Tseng, M. T., Samykutty, A. K., Zhang, L., Yan, J., Miller, D. M., et al. (2017) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.025 · Cited by 491 · cited 4× · see citing works
“People are very interested in the potential of PDEVs to play a role in interspecies communication and to have direct benefits for human diseases [62–64].”
BackgroundInfluentialKim, S. M., Yang, Y., Oh, S. J., Hong, Y., Seo, M., & Jang, M. (2017) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.013 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Xiao, B., Wang, H., Han, M. K., Zhang, Z., Viennois, É., Xu, C., & Merlin, D. (2016) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2016.159 · Cited by 463 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Ginger-derived EVs also have better pH-dependent drug release properties compared to commercial liposome doxorubicin [73].”
BackgroundCross-kingdom inhibition of breast cancer growth by plant miR159
Chin, A. R., Fong, M., Somlo, G., Wu, J., Swiderski, P. M., Wu, X., & Wang, S. E. (2016) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2016.13 · Cited by 428 · cited 2× · see citing works
“PDEVs have been shown to contain and deliver functionally active miRNAs from dietary sources and are capable of surviving the harsh environment of the digestive tract [21,22].”
BackgroundPlant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles and their therapeutic activities
Kim, J., Li, S., Zhang, S., & Wang, J. (2021) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2021.05.006 · Cited by 412 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Ginger-derived EVs can also improve targeting by combining with folic acid, and when loaded with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin, they showed better efficacy in inhibiting tumors and good biocompatibility at a concentration of 200 µ mol/L [6].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTerpenoids and Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidant Agents in Food Preservation
Gutiérrez‐del‐Río, I., López‐Ibáñez, S., Magadán‐Corpas, P., Fernández‐Calleja, L., Pérez‐Valero, Á., Tuñón-Granda, M., Miguélez, E. M., Villar, C. J., & Lombó, F. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081264 · Cited by 382 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Plant-based treatments for illnesses have been utilized for a significant amount of time, utilizing either their natural forms or extracts of active compounds, such as polysaccharides, phenols, and terpenoids, to prevent illness and repair harm caused by disease [47,48].”
BackgroundChen, Q., Li, Q., Liang, Y., Zu, M., Chen, N., Canup, B. S. B., Luo, L., Wang, C., Zeng, L., & Xiao, B. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.016 · Cited by 365 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Tea flowerderived EVs, after intravenous injection or oral administration, accumulate in breast tumors and lung metastatic sites, inhibit the growth and spread of breast cancer, and regulate the gut microbiome [53].”
BackgroundPerut, F., Roncuzzi, L., Avnet, S., Massa, A., Zini, N., Sabbadini, S., Giampieri, F., Mezzetti, B., & Baldini, N. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11010087 · Cited by 335 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Strawberry-derived EVs can be taken up by human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells without any negative effects and may even provide protection against oxidative stress [17].”
BackgroundIdentification of exosome-like nanoparticle-derived microRNAs from 11 edible fruits and vegetables
Xiao, J., Feng, S., Wang, X., Long, K., Luo, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, J., Tang, Q., Jin, L. G., Li, X., et al. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.5186 · Cited by 332 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The most important and well-studied of these exosomal cargo loads is miRNAs, which are short non-coding RNAs of an average size of about 22 nucleotides (nt), capable of regulating gene expression by specifically binding and inhibiting translation function or cleaving of target mRNAs [20].”
BackgroundPlant-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel nanomedicine approach with advantages and challenges
Nemati, M., Singh, B., Mir, R. A., Nemati, M., Babaei, A., Ahmadi, M., Rasmi, Y., Golezani, A. G., & Rezaie, J. (2022) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-022-00889-1 · Cited by 318 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, recently, researchers have been able to isolate and characterize EVs of plant origin that are typically in the range of 30–500 nm [3,4], with some EVs isolated from carrots being as large as 1500 nm [5].”
BackgroundPlant secretome: Unlocking secrets of the secreted proteins
Agrawal, G. K., Jwa, N., Lebrun, M., Job, D., & Rakwal, R. (2009) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.200900514 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against diseases
Zhang, M., Viennois, E., Xu, C., & Merlin, D. (2016) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2015.1134415 · Cited by 311 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Through initial investigation, PDEVs from various edible plants have demonstrated strong biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal , and antioxidative effects [3,6,14,23,27,30].”
BackgroundMethodCong, M., Tan, S., Li, S., Gao, L., Huang, L., Zhang, H.-G., & Qiao, H. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114108 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Zu, M., Xie, D., Canup, B. S. B., Chen, N., Wang, Y., Sun, R., Zhang, Z., Fu, Y., Dai, F., & Xiao, B. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121178 · Cited by 310 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The distribution of PDEVs in the body can be related to their particle size, surface charge, and the type and number of membrane proteins, as tea-derived EVs, for example, accumulate in liver tissue due to their galactose-mediated receptor targeting and uptake [93].”
BackgroundYou, J. Y., Kang, S. J., & Rhee, W. J. (2021) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.023 · Cited by 307 · cited 3× · see citing works
“When PKH-labeled cabbage EVs were incubated with human HaCaT cells for 15 min at 25 ◦ C, the fluorescence showed that the EVs had been absorbed into the cells [35].”
BackgroundMethodZhang, M., Wang, X., Han, M. K., Collins, J. F., & Merlin, D. (2017) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm-2017-0196 · Cited by 305 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ginger-derived EVs loaded with siRNA-CD98 have also been found to effectively target colon tissue and reduce the expression of CD98 through oral administration [86].”
BackgroundCharge-based precipitation of extracellular vesicles
Deregibus, M. C., Figliolini, F., D’Antico, S., Manzini, P. M., Pasquino, C., Lena, M. D., Tetta, C., Brizzi, M. F., & Camussi, G. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2759 · Cited by 302 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This method offers a simple enough operation while remaining economical and providing a rapid rate of isolation; however, it offers relatively lower levels of low yield and purity [3,32–34].”
BackgroundZhuang, X., Teng, Y., Samykutty, A., Mu, J., Deng, Z., Zhang, L., Cao, P., Rong, Y., Yan, J., Miller, D., et al. (2016) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2015.188 · Cited by 294 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Additionally, EVs combined with folic acid have been found to enhance the targeting of cytomegalovirus to folate receptor-positive brain tumors, providing a non-invasive treatment option for brain-related diseases [84].”
BackgroundPlant-derived exosomal microRNAs inhibit lung inflammation induced by exosomes SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12
Teng, Y., Xu, F., Zhang, X., Mu, J., Sayed, M. E., Hu, X., Lei, C., Sriwastva, M. K., Kumar, A., Sundaram, K., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.005 · Cited by 290 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…pathogenesis, EVs released by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cells were found to play a role in the development of pulmonary inflammation, while ginger-derived EVs were shown to inhibit Nsp12 gene expression and reduce the effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs [24].”
BackgroundAn efficient method to isolate lemon derived extracellular vesicles for gastric cancer therapy
Yang, M., Liu, X., Luo, Q., Xu, L., & Chen, F. (2020) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-020-00656-9 · Cited by 288 · cited 2× · see citing works
“They can increase the expression of GADD45a through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the tumor tissue and cause S-phase arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells [31].”
BackgroundYang, C., Zhang, M., & Merlin, D. (2018) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c7tb03207b · Cited by 256 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Through initial investigation, PDEVs from various edible plants have demonstrated strong biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal , and antioxidative effects [3,6,14,23,27,30].”
BackgroundZhang, L., He, F.-J., Gao, L., Cong, M., Sun, J., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Asghar, S., Hu, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s293067 · Cited by 230 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The uptake of A sparagus cochinchi-nensis -derived EVs was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization that is required for phagocytosis, suggesting that the internalization of EVs likely occurs via the phagocytosis pathway [50,95].”
BackgroundMethodPlant-Derived Exosomal Nanoparticles Inhibit Pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Sundaram, K., Miller, D. P., Kumar, A., Teng, Y., Sayed, M. E., Mu, J., Lei, C., Sriwastva, M. K., Zhang, L., Yan, J., et al. (2019) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.032 · Cited by 226 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Wnt/TCF4 activation are important factors in the anti-inflammatory response [60].”
BackgroundInfluentialPlant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Nanocarriers
Karamanidou, T., & Tsouknidas, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010191 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Biological properties of plant-derived extracellular vesicles
Rome, S. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo02295j · Cited by 221 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Through initial investigation, PDEVs from various edible plants have demonstrated strong biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal , and antioxidative effects [3,6,14,23,27,30].”
BackgroundZhang, M., & Merlin, D. (2018) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izy123 · Cited by 217 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These results suggest that edible PDEVs, which are naturally targeted in the colon and have anti-inflammatory properties, may offer a new and natural, non-toxic drug delivery system that can be easily expanded to treat gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [66].”
BackgroundIn Vitro Wound Healing Activity of Wheat-Derived Nanovesicles
Şahi̇n, F., Koçak, P., Güneş, M. Y., Özkan, İ., Yıldırım, E., & Kala, E. Y. (2018) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-018-2913-1 · Cited by 217 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Research has also revealed that EVs derived from wheat grass juice have a significant impact on the proliferation and migration of endothelial (HUVEC), epithelial (HaCaT), and dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells [75].”
BackgroundYin, L., Yan, L., Yu, Q., Wang, J., Liu, C., Wang, L., & Zheng, L. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07306 · Cited by 209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PDEVs can be taken orally and have different cellular targeting due to their different sources [91].”
BackgroundBai, L., Xu, D. W., Zhou, Y.-M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., & Cui, Y. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11122491 · Cited by 209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Plant-based treatments for illnesses have been utilized for a significant amount of time, utilizing either their natural forms or extracts of active compounds, such as polysaccharides, phenols, and terpenoids, to prevent illness and repair harm caused by disease [47,48].”
BackgroundWoith, E., Guerriero, G., Hausman, J.-F., Renaut, J., Leclercq, C. C., Weise, C., Legay, S., Weng, A., & Melzig, M. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073719 · Cited by 201 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…databases of proteomic analysis, contaminations from cytosolic or enzyme proteins, and most importantly, their typically low protein concentration; however, it was seen that this can change significantly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses such as external infections by pathogens [25–27].”
BackgroundInfluentialExtracellular vesicles as key mediators of plant–microbe interactions
Rutter, B. D., & Innes, R. W. (2018) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.008 · Cited by 197 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, they were also found to play an important role in inter-kingdom communication that contributes to the symbiotic relationship between plants and micro-organisms and a host of other mechanisms [8,9].”
BackgroundStanly, C., Alfieri, M., Ambrosone, A., Leone, A., Fiume, I., & Pòcsfalvi, G. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9122722 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems For The Treatment Of IBD: Current Perspectives
Yang, C., & Merlin, D. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s210315 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, these drugs can be toxic if used for a long time and may not be effective in the long run [72].”
BackgroundKalarikkal, S. P., Prasad, D., Kasiappan, R., Chaudhari, S. R., & Sundaram, G. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61358-8 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Kim, M. K., Choi, Y. C., Cho, S. H., Choi, J. S., & Cho, Y. W. (2021) · Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13770-021-00367-8 · Cited by 185 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In vitro wound healing tests have shown that A-EVs can enhance the migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts to the wound site, indicating their potential for skin regeneration therapy [74].”
BackgroundYe, Y., Zhang, X., Xie, F., Xu, B., Xie, P., Yang, T., Shi, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2020) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d0bm00427h · Cited by 183 · cited 1× · see citing works
“EVs can be engineered to have specific proteins on their surfaces for more effective targeting, and they can also be loaded with the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein instead of a plasmid to avoid undesirable consequences [100].”
BackgroundSuharta, S., Barlian, A., Hidajah, A. C., Notobroto, H. B., Ana, I. D., Indariani, S., Wungu, T. D. K., & Wijaya, C. H. (2021) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.15787 · Cited by 178 · cited 4× · see citing works
“There is evidence of various types of sRNA present in PDEVs, which can be carried and introduced into eukaryotic cells through EVs, leading to a therapeutic effect through RNA interference through various mechanisms of action [57,61,71].”
BackgroundInfluentialExosome-like Nanovesicles Isolated from Citrus limon L. Exert Antioxidative Effect
Baldini, N., Torreggiani, E., Roncuzzi, L., Perut, F., Zini, N., & Avnet, S. (2018) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201019666181017115755 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Liu, B., Lu, Y., Chen, X., Muthuraj, P. G., Li, X., Pattabiraman, M., Zempleni, J., Kachman, S. D., Natarajan, S. K., & Yu, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020477 · Cited by 169 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lentinus edodes -derived EVs can reduce liver injury in mice caused by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 [80].”
BackgroundIsolation and analysis methods of extracellular vesicles (EVs)
Zhao, Z., Wijerathne, H., Godwin, A. K., & Soper, S. A. (2021) · Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids · doi:10.20517/evcna.2021.07 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Internalization of Garlic-Derived Nanovesicles on Liver Cells is Triggered by Interaction With CD98
Song, H., Canup, B. S. B., Ngo, V. L., Denning, T. L., Garg, P., & Laroui, H. (2020) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c02893 · Cited by 151 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The proteins found to be responsible for this effect include CD68 and II lectin, a protein that binds specifically to mannose [94].”
BackgroundFujita, D., Arai, T., Komori, H., Shirasaki, Y., Wakayama, T., Nakanishi, T., & Tamai, I. (2018) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00921 · Cited by 143 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In terms of particle size, PDEVs have been found to be typically similar compared to animal EVs and range in size between 30 and 1500 nm, displaying a high level of stability, with a zeta potential that is generally negative and above the range of − 20 mV [4,16–19].”
BackgroundKalarikkal, S. P., & Sundaram, G. M. (2021) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2021.115425 · Cited by 137 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The antiviral potential of ginger-derived EVs was confirmed through sequencing of high-abundance RNA, but further research is needed to study their stability and antiviral activity [76].”
BackgroundUmezu, T., Takanashi, M., Murakami, Y., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.006 · Cited by 137 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, acerola-derived EVs have been found to deliver small RNA to the digestive system, with the target gene-suppressing effect in the small intestine and liver peaking a day after administration, making it a potential option for oral delivery of nucleic acids [85].”
BackgroundMethodKim, S.-W., Lee, H., Shin, J., & Lee, J.-K. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.028 · Cited by 129 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…miRNAs that can change the composition of the gut’s microbiome [10,20–22 Ginger-derived EVs play a role in anti-inflammation by activating Nrf nuclear translocation and inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines [57], while grapefruit-derived EVs regulate anti-inflammation through Wnt signaling [58,59].”
BackgroundZhao, Z., Yu, S., Li, M., Gui, X., & Li, P. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05614 · Cited by 121 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) [41] or other methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [42] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [43], as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) [42], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [42], and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) [40,44].”
MethodTunable Resistive Pulse Sensing for the Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles
Maas, S. L. N., Broekman, M. L. D., & de Vrij, J. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_2 · Cited by 120 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) [41] or other methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [42] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [43], as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) [42], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [42], and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) [40,44].”
MethodCirmi, S., Maugeri, A., Ferlazzo, N., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., Schumacher, U., & Navarra, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00420 · Cited by 115 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to research, EVs derived from plants such as lemon, ginger, grape, grapefruit, and Chinese bamboo shoots all possess anticancer properties [50,51].”
MethodCross-Kingdom Small RNAs among Animals, Plants and Microbes
Zeng, J., Gupta, V. K., Jiang, Y., Yang, B. J., Gong, L., & Zhu, H. M. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8040371 · Cited by 114 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…liver. sRNA, a type of non-coding regulatory RNA that ranges from 20 to 30 nucleotides, plays a crucial role in controlling gene expression [67,68]. sRNA can spread to different parts of animals through EVs, transmembrane proteins, high-density lipoprotein complexes, or gap junctions [69].”
BackgroundPlant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings, Challenges, and Future Applications
Kameli, N., Dragojlovic-Kerkache, A., Savelkoul, P. H. M., & Stassen, F. R. M. (2021) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes11060411 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, more research is needed to explore other edible plant sources for EVs [92].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCucumber-Derived Exosome-like Vesicles and PlantCrystals for Improved Dermal Drug Delivery
Abraham, A. M., Wiemann, S., Ambreen, G., Zhou, J., Engelhardt, K. H., Brüßler, J., Bakowsky, U., Li, S., Mandić, R., Pòcsfalvi, G., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14030476 · Cited by 102 · cited 2× · see citing works
“They can pass through the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain when administered nasally [81], while being unable to pass from the mother to the fetus through the placenta [82].”
BackgroundYu, S., Zhao, Z., Xu, X., Li, M., & Li, P. (2018) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.059 · Cited by 99 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In terms of particle size, PDEVs have been found to be typically similar compared to animal EVs and range in size between 30 and 1500 nm, displaying a high level of stability, with a zeta potential that is generally negative and above the range of − 20 mV [4,16–19].”
BackgroundWang, X., Zhang, M., Flores, S. R. L., Woloshun, R. R., Yang, C., Yin, L., Xiang, P., Xu, X., Garrick, M. D., Vidyasagar, S., et al. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.003 · Cited by 99 · cited 3× · see citing works
“This can be achieved using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) [41] or other methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [42] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [43], as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) [42], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [42], and tunable resistive pulse…”
MethodFocusing on Future Applications and Current Challenges of Plant Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Wang, Y., Wang, J., Ma, J., Zhou, Y., & Lu, R. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15060708 · Cited by 98 · cited 10× · see citing works
“However, recently, researchers have been able to isolate and characterize EVs of plant origin that are typically in the range of 30–500 nm [3,4], with some EVs isolated from carrots being as large as 1500 nm [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFrom intestinal stem cells to inflammatory bowel diseases.
Gersemann, M., Stange, E. F., & Wehkamp, J. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i27.3198 · Cited by 94 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…miRNAs that can change the composition of the gut’s microbiome [10,20–22 Ginger-derived EVs play a role in anti-inflammation by activating Nrf nuclear translocation and inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines [57], while grapefruit-derived EVs regulate anti-inflammation through Wnt signaling [58,59].”
BackgroundLow pH-Based Method to Increase the Yield of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles from Fresh Ginger Rhizomes
Suresh, A. P., Kalarikkal, S. P., Pullareddy, B., & Sundaram, G. M. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c02162 · Cited by 94 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This method offers a simple enough operation while remaining economical and providing a rapid rate of isolation; however, it offers relatively lower levels of low yield and purity [3,32–34].”
BackgroundLei, C., Teng, Y., He, L., Sayed, M. E., Mu, J., Xu, F., Zhang, X., Kumar, A., Sundaram, K., Sriwastva, M. K., et al. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102511 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is evidence of various types of sRNA present in PDEVs, which can be carried and introduced into eukaryotic cells through EVs, leading to a therapeutic effect through RNA interference through various mechanisms of action [57,61,71].”
BackgroundPlant derived exosome- like Nanovesicles: an updated overview
Subha, D., Harshnii, K., Madhikiruba, K. G., Nandhini, M., & Tamilselvi, K. S. (2022) · Plant Nano Biology · doi:10.1016/j.plana.2022.100022 · Cited by 92 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are unique lipid-bound membrane vesicles secreted in both plant and animal cells that enclose unique and powerful biochemically active compounds such as miRNA, lipids, proteins, and small biomolecules generated through the multivesicular body pathway or from the plasma membrane to the extr…”
BackgroundResultMan, F., Chen, M., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-021-02087-7 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These EVs consist of proteins, RNA, lipids, and other active ingredients that can be absorbed into the intestine through oral consumption and then transported to different parts of the body [65].”
BackgroundDifferent sourced extracellular vesicles and their potential applications in clinical treatments
Bahmani, L., & Ullah, M. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11131989 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Development of New Strategies Using Extracellular Vesicles Loaded with Exogenous Nucleic Acid
Orefice, N. S. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12080705 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Plant Exosomal Vesicles: Perspective Information Nanocarriers in Biomedicine
Shkryl, Y., Tsydeneshieva, Z., Degtyarenko, A. I., Yugay, Y., Balabanova, L., Rusapetova, T., & Bulgakov, V. P. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12168262 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Antonioli, L., Colucci, R., Pellegrini, C., Giustarini, G., Sacco, D., Tirotta, E., Caputi, V., Marsilio, I., Giron, M. C., Németh, Z. H., et al. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.2016.1086752 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in DCs is a critical enzyme and pathway involved in regulating the immune system balance [77].”
BackgroundEdible plant extracellular vesicles: An emerging tool for bioactives delivery
Fan, S., Chen, J., Tang, C.-H., Zhao, Q., Zhang, J., & Qin, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028418 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Massaro, C., Sgueglia, G., Frattolillo, V., Baglio, S. R., Altucci, L., & Dell’Aversana, C. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12100980 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Techniques and Applications of Animal- and Plant-Derived Exosome-Based Drug Delivery System
Man, F., Wang, J., & Lu, R. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology · doi:10.1166/jbn.2020.2993 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pharmacodynamic modeling of adverse effects of anti-cancer drug treatment
Schultink, A. H. M. D. V., Suleiman, A. A., Schellens, J. H. M., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2030-4 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While many drugs are available for treating cancer, their non-specific impact on the immune system can cause short-term and long-term detrimental side effects, such as myelosuppression, cardiovascular adverse effects, including cardiotoxicity and hypertension, and other potentially fatal consequences [49].”
BackgroundNucleic acid functionalized extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic systems for nanomedicine
Liu, C., He, D., Cen, H., Chen, H., Li, L., Nie, G., Zhong, Z., He, Q., Yang, X., Guo, S., et al. (2022) · Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids · doi:10.20517/evcna.2021.21 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several methods can be used to introduce exogenous nucleic acids into plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) [85,87–90].”
MethodEffendi, W. I., & Nagano, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910447 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Once inside cells, PD EVs can regulate crucial hubs such as NRF2 and NLRP3, which play important roles in regulating cellular responses to stress and inflammation and can affect downstream gene expression [78,79].”
BackgroundZhang, C., Deng, R., Zhang, G., He, X., Chen, H., Chen, B., Wan, L., & Kang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.847444 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jin, D., Meng, X., Wang, Y., et al. (2018) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-017-9203-7 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, they were also found to play an important role in inter-kingdom communication that contributes to the symbiotic relationship between plants and micro-organisms and a host of other mechanisms [8,9].”
BackgroundZhang, M., & Merlin, D. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(17)32052-8 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“People are very interested in the potential of PDEVs to play a role in interspecies communication and to have direct benefits for human diseases [62–64].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Discovery of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Emergence as a Next-Generation Therapy
Rai, A., Claridge, B., Lozano, J., & Greening, D. W. (2024) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.323054 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Extracellular Vesicle Preparation and Analysis: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Wang, Z., Zhou, X., Kong, Q., He, H., Sun, J., Qiu, W., Zhang, L. N., & Yang, M. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202401069 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Bioactive compounds and biological functions of medicinal plant-derived extracellular vesicles
Hao, S., Yang, H., Hu, J., Luo, L., Yuan, Y., & Liu, L. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107062 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Jin, E., Yang, Y., Cong, S., Chen, D., Chen, R., Zhang, J., Hu, Y., & Chen, W. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03138-y · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Moreover, the lipids, proteins and nucleic acids carried by natural exosomes from plants have corresponding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antitumor properties and have a wide range of therapeutic value [18, 19].”
Wei, C., Zhang, M., Cheng, J., Tian, J., Yang, G., & Jin, Y. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2388888 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Despite the demand for research in this area (Alzahrani et al. 2023; Lian et al. 2022; Mu et al. 2023), recent literature on this topic is scarce.”
Plant-derived exosomes in therapeutic nanomedicine, paving the path toward precision medicine
Zheng, M., Chavda, V. P., Vaghela, D. A., Bezbaruah, R., Gogoi, N. R., Patel, K., Kulkarni, M., Shen, B., & Singla, R. K. (2024) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156087 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fang, X., Feng, J., Zhu, X., Feng, D., & Zheng, L. (2024) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.021 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Yazdanpanah, S., Romano, S., Valentino, A., Galderisi, U., Peluso, G., & Calarco, A. (2025) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano15131005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lee, B., Wu, S., Chien, H.-Y., Shen, T., & Hsu, W.-H. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo01608k · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wu, P., Wu, W., Zhang, S., Han, J., Liu, C., Han, Y., Chen, X., & Chen, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1272241 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shkryl, Y., Tsydeneshieva, Z., Menchinskaya, E. S., Rusapetova, T., Грищенко, О. В., Mironova, A., Bulgakov, D. V., Gorpenchenko, T. Y., Казарин, В. М., Tchernoded, G. K., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12092142 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The absence of pathogens that can infect humans makes plant-derived ENs a safer alternative to those from mammalian sources, presenting fewer biocontamination risks [9,36–38].”
BackgroundZhang, J., Tian, S., Guo, L., Zhao, H., Mao, Z., & Miao, M. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05892-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Natural Nanocarriers for Biotechnological Drugs
Calzoni, E., Bertoldi, A., Cusumano, G., Buratta, S., Urbanelli, L., & Emiliani, C. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12122938 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“15 of 23 Most of the molecules used in PDEVs as cargo are nucleic acid-based drugs and small-molecule chemical drugs (Figure 3) [127]. intestine, and penetrate deep into the skin, and, if administered intranasally, they are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the brain [92].”
Díez-Sainz, E., Milagro, F. I., Aranaz, P., Riezu‐Boj, J. I., & Lorente‐Cebrián, S. (2024) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-024-01023-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Notably, plant EVs have been postulated as promising therapeutic delivery systems, which confer protection to their cargo, can be internalized by mammalian cells, are stable in several conditions, such as storage and digestion, and their internal content is highly bioavailable [2, 31].”
BackgroundMesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal microRNAs in Cardiac Regeneration
Bhaskara, M. C., Anjorin, O., & Wang, M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12242815 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In this regard, plant-derived EVs are much easier to scale up [141] and could be a promising alternative to deliver specific miRNAs of interest for cardiac repair and regeneration.”
BackgroundExosome-based drug delivery systems for enhanced neurological therapeutics
Vahab, S. A., Vyshma, K. V., & Kumar, V. S. (2024) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-024-01710-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery
Gai, C., Pomatto, M. A. C., Deregibus, M. C., Dieci, M., Piga, A., & Camussi, G. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12020200 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This makes them particularly suitable for engineering and drug loading for delivery purposes [79].”
BackgroundAdvances in the study of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in the skeletal muscle system
Mao, X., Li, T., Qi, W., Miao, Z., Zhu, L., Zhang, C., Jin, H., Pan, H., & Wang, D. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107202 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Advances in Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Extraction Methods and Pharmacological Effects
Nueraihemaiti, N., Dilimulati, D., Baishan, A., et al. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14040377 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“These nanovesicles generally have a small size range of between 30 nm and 1500 nm and a negative Zeta potential of above − 20 mV, demonstrating high stability [56].”
InfluentialStability Dynamics of Plant-Based Extracellular Vesicles Drug Delivery
Rawat, S., Arora, S., Dhondale, M. R., Khadilkar, M., Kumar, S., & Agrawal, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox15020055 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“These techniques surpass the resolution limits of conventional fluorescence microscopy, enabling detailed visualization of EV morphology and molecular composition at the nanoscale [22,120].”
InfluentialHarnessing Mammalian- and Plant-Derived Exosomes for Drug Delivery: A Comparative Review
Sergazy, S. D., Adekenov, S. M., Khabarov, I., Adekenova, K. S., Maikenova, A., & Aljofan, M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26104857 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Thus, different plants can be used to obtain exosomes, including berries, fruits, vegetables, etc. Depending on the source material, plant-based exosomes can differ in their properties, as they contain unique cargo inherited from the original plant [64].”
Exogenous Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Platforms in Translational Medicine
Bai, M., Li, Z., Shi, T., et al. (2025) · BIO Integration · doi:10.15212/bioi-2025-0122 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In contrast, plant-derived EVs have intrinsically lower yields and face heterogeneity in raw materials and isolation protocols, resulting in limited scalability [78, 79].”
Yugay, Y., Tsydeneshieva, Z., Rusapetova, T., et al. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12203604 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Given the alignment of EV production from plant cell cultures with the stringent quality metrics of the pharmaceutical industry [86,87], there is a compelling case for a more granular exploration of the molecular underpinnings of EV biogenesis in these cell cultures.”
BackgroundEngineered plant extracellular vesicles for natural delivery across physiological barriers
Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Shen, S. Q., Liu, Y., Xia, Y., Xia, H., Xie, Z., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo03503d · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wu, Q., Kan, J., Fu, C., Liu, X., Cui, Z., Wang, S., Le, Y., Li, Z., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · Current Research in Microbial Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100301 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Moreover, PDEVs are attracting attention because of their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the potential to pass through biological barriers, for example, the blood-brain barrier, thus providing promising opportunities for the delivery of bioactive materials (Alzahrani et al., 2023).”
BackgroundPlant-derived materials for biomedical applications
Li, L., Zhong, D., Wang, S., & Zhou, M. (2024) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d4nr03057e · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Plant Extracellular Nanovesicle-Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Antibacterial Wound Healing In Vivo
Saroj, S., Saha, S., Ali, A., et al. (2024) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.4c00992 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cui, L., Perini, G., Augello, A., Palmieri, V., Spirito, M. D., & Papi, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1390708 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Lacombe, J., Simon, L., Sanchez‐Ballester, N. M., Khanishayan, A., Shaik, N., Case, K., Dugas, P., Repellin, M., Lollo, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02964-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Therefore, PDNVs have recently emerged as a potential candidate DDS with the promise of counteracting the main drawbacks of animal EVs such as high production cost and low environmental resistance reducing their shelf-life and their bioengineered ability [20].”
Food-derived vesicles as immunomodulatory drivers: Current knowledge, gaps, and perspectives
Rivero‐Pino, F., Marquez‐Paradas, E., & la Paz, S. M. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140168 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Engineering exosomes for mRNA delivery: a review
Yao, T. S., Dong, X., Wang, X., Liu, X., Fu, L., & Li, L. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144662 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Li, F., Lu, Y., Xi, K., et al. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12122392 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The role of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in ameliorating chronic diseases
Tiwari, A., Soni, N., Dongre, S., Chaudhary, M., & Bissa, B. (2025) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-025-10466-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Extracellular vesicles for developing targeted hearing loss therapy
Pan, X., Li, Y., Huang, P., Staecker, H., & He, M. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.050 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Diversity of extracellular vesicles derived from calli, cell culture and apoplastic fluid of tobacco
Kocholatá, M., Malý, J., Kříženecká, S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81940-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Miya, M. B., Ashutosh, A., Maulishree, M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143169 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Latella, R., Calzoni, E., Urbanelli, L., Cerrotti, G., Porcellati, S., Emiliani, C., Buratta, S., & Tancini, B. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13101492 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Precision arrows: Navigating breast cancer with nanotechnology siRNA
Jayaswal, N., Srivastava, S., Kumar, S., Sridhar, S. B., Khalid, A., Najmi, A., Zoghebi, K. A., Alhazmi, H. A., Mohan, S., & Tambuwala, M. M. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124403 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Barathan, M., Ng, S. L., Lokanathan, Y., et al. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12090653 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Biochemical analysis has revealed that PDEVs contain bioactive molecules that mediate metabolic and signaling pathways in target cells [110].”
BackgroundEffects of Exosomes from Menstrual Blood-derived Stem Cells and Ginger on Endometriotic Stem Cells
Ababzadeh, S., Asl, F. D., Fazaeli, H., et al. (2024) · Current Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s11596-024-2939-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cox, S. N., Porcelli, V., Romano, S., Palmieri, L., & Fratantonio, D. (2024) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2024.110266 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rajasekaran, B., Lo, K.-J., & Pan, M. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2025.2593981 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Lipid content can be assessed by lipid-sensitive fluorescent dyes or targeted lipidomic analysis [21].”
Plant-derived vesicles: isolation strategies and therapeutic applications
Li, J., Wang, Z., Wang, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1660579 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles de fi nes extracellular vesicles (EVs) as ‘ particles naturally released by cells without functional nuclei ’ (Alzahrani et al., 2023).”
Microbial assistance in nano-carrier development: Innovative strategies in drug delivery
Pandey, T., & Pandey, V. P. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105607 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lu, X. B., Yu, Z., Wang, J., Tian, A., Wu, T., Cheng, Y., Han, Q., Li, F., & Xia, W. (2024) · Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids · doi:10.20517/evcna.2023.75 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Plant-Derived Exosomes: Nano-Inducers of Cross-Kingdom Regulations
Rehman, T. U., Li, H., Martuscelli, M., Aiello, F., Esposito, L., Ashraf, K., Guo, M., & Mohsin, A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18071005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Generally, methods like sonication, extrusion, incubation and electro-poration [209], transfection [210], and freeze-thawing [211] are used for the tailoring of plant-derived exosomes.”
Therapeutic effects of OXY- Exo in diabetic wound injury
Miya, M. B., Ashutosh, A., Maulishree, M., Gupta, P. C., Pathak, V., Mishra, R., Chaturvedi, P., & Kalani, A. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150398 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liu, H., Yang, C., Wu, X., Peng, S., Zhou, L., McClements, D. J., & Liu, W. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144518 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles for immunomodulation: Mechanisms and applications
Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Zeng, Y., Luo, X., Chen, J., Deng, Q., Xiao, P., Lin, R., Chen, X., Ding, X., et al. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.09.024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Huang, J., Chen, L., Li, W., & Chang, C.-J. (2025) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2025.04.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tanaka, M., Araujo, A. C., Valenti, V. E., Guiguer, E. L., Catharin, V. C. S., Gualhardi, C. M., de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira, E., de Alvares Goulart, R., de Argolo Haber, R. S., de Carvalho, A. C. A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27052370 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lee, J. H., Kang, S. J., & Rhee, W. J. (2024) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202400150 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jamshidi, Z., Dehghani, S., Nameghi, M. A., Ramezani, M., Alibolandi, M., Abnous, K., & Taghdisi, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chen, F., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., et al. (2024) · Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine · doi:10.1097/hm9.0000000000000131 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Manzaneque-López, M. C., González, A., Pérez‐Bermúdez, P., Soler, C., Marcilla, A., & Sánchez‐López, C. M. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144303 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exosome-like Nanoparticles Extracted from Plant Cells for Diabetes Therapy
Xiao, X., Guo, Y., Msomi, N. Z., Islam, M. S., & Chu, M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189155 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For instance, in studies, β -glucan, which typically demonstrates poor BBB permeability, was able to penetrate the central nervous system when delivered via oat-derived PENPs, thereby alleviating alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment [68,78].”
Zheng, Y., Qin, Y., He, Q., et al. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5c20533 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as tools and targets for inflammatory diseases
Tan, F., Liu, W., Li, T., Li, L., Chen, Z., Thakur, A., Zhang, K., Zhan, C., Tang, H., Yan, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-026-04294-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“At present, there are no universally accepted protocols or guidelines for PDEV production [302, 303].”
Emerging nanotherapeutic strategies targeting gut-X axis against diseases
Sun, A., Liu, H., Sun, M., Yang, W., Liu, J., Lin, Y., Shi, X., Sun, J. Y., & Liu, L. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115577 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Advances in the Study of Plant-Derived Vesicle-Like Nanoparticles in Inflammatory Diseases
Tan, X., Xu, Y., Zhou, S., Pan, M., Cao, Y., Cai, X., Zhao, Q., & Zhao, K. (2023) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s421124 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“They can cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain through nasal administration, but cannot pass from mother to fetus through the placenta.(57) they have become a popular area of research.”
BackgroundZhang, F., Xiao, L., Liu, H., et al. (2025) · Current Drug Delivery · doi:10.2174/0115672018367056250227074828 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, J., Ai, X., Zhang, C., et al. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2025.2487589 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that P-EVs are effective in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, skin wounds, inflammatory bowel disease, liver steatosis, and even COVID-19 [9–13].”
Mammadova, R., Pratiwi, F. W., Fiume, I., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s498012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“4–6 Moreover, the production of PDNVs is easily scalable.”
Wang, J., & Kong, Z. (2025) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.70074 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This diverse composition endows them with signifi-cant potential for the treatment and prevention of a broad spectrum of diseases (Alzahrani et al ., 2023; Li et al ., 2023a; Zhao et al ., 2021).”
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Arthritic Diseases: Therapeutic Applications & Challenges
Ehab, S., Gaser, O. A., Oyouni, A. A. A., Kameli, N., Alzahrani, F. A., & Dayem, A. A. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.70031 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…articular cartilage (Ning et al. 2023), synovial fluid (Zhang et al. 2023), serum (Feng et al. 2024), conditioned media (Swatler et al. 2020), milk (Babaker et al. 2022; Pieters et al. 2022), plant cells (Alzahrani et al. 2023), IFP (Kouroupis et al. 2022), and endometrium (Leñero et al. 2022).”
Self-citationShalvina, A., Paul, N. A., Cummins, S. F., & Eamens, A. L. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17010052 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Cryo-EM studies have shown that PEVs have an average diameter of approximately 110 nm, but considering that PEV isolations are complex biovesicle mixtures, a general particle size range of 30 to 500 nm is commonly reported [1,6].”
InfluentialBhom, N., Ramburrun, P., Somandi, K., & Choonara, Y. E. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-33187-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kaneta, H., Nakasa, T., Yimiti, D., Moriwaki, D., Kawasaki, R., Ogura, T., Miyaki, S., & Adachi, N. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102840 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chang, T.-M., Wu, C.-C., Huang, H.-C., Lu, J.-Y., Chuang, C.-H., Kao, P.-L., Tang, W.-H., Liu, L. T.-C., Qiu, W.-Y., Percec, I., et al. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12050186 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Liu, H., Liu, J., Ji, S. H., et al. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116972 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Extracellular vesicles in reproductive medicine: from “animal-led” to “plant-enabled”
Pan, K., Ju, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, R., Jiang, X., & Zhao, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1718643 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In the field of oral administration, they have significant advantages such as preventing gastrointestinal degradation, penetrating intestinal epithelial barrier, specific localization, safety and high yield (Fang and Liu, 2022; Alzahrani et al., 2023).”
Shkryl, Y., Tsydeneshieva, Z., Gorpenchenko, T. Y., et al. (2025) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-025-02130-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chang, Y., Gao, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., Liu, L., Yan, J., Huang, G., & Yang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1257941 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jin, S., Ku, C., Kim, H. J., et al. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15081157 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Recently, PDEVs have been explored as materials for cosmetics owing to their advantages such as natural origin, safety, fewer allergic reactions, and efficient transdermal delivery [11].”
Ahmed, A., Barbhuiya, P. A., Kumari, P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.2026.2620762 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, this is a rapidly evolving field with the potential for highly tailored, naturally sourced EO carriers (113,114).”
Cui, L., Perini, G., Minopoli, A., Palmieri, V., Spirito, M. D., & Papi, M. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics X · doi:10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100349 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Recent evidence suggests that PDEVs can enhance the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic agents (Alzahrani et al., 2023), modulate immune responses (Kürt ¨ osi et al., 2024), and facilitate targeted drug transport (Lian et al., 2022), making them a powerful alternative to synthetic nanocarriers.”
Canestrale, A. R., Kholia, S., Dimuccio, V., & Sanchez, M. B. H. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm16010001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Derived from and not limited to sources such as grapefruit, ginger, or orange, PDVs are naturally resistant to digestive degradation, can be administered orally, and exhibit minimal immunogenicity, offering a cost-effective alternative to cell-derived EVs [13–15].”
Adamo, G., Picciotto, S., Santonicola, P., Gargano, P., Rao, E., Paterna, A., Raccosta, S., Smeraldi, G., Paganini, C., Romancino, D. P., et al. (2026) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102792 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Segneanu, A., Mogoşanu, G. D., Bejenaru, C., et al. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15060908 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stage-Specific Lipidomes of Gastrodia elata Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Fungal Symbiosis
Hao, S., Hua, Z., & Yuan, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178611 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs), as phospholipid bilayer nanoparticles (50–500 nm) [4], have emerged as crucial mediators in both intracellular communication and interspecies interactions [5].”
Cai, X., Wang, C., Xu, Z., Liu, W., Liu, H., Zhou, Z., Yan, Y., & Wang, X. (2026) · Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System · doi:10.1177/14703203261432784 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tao, M., Fang, X., Liang, Z., Zhang, Z., Gong, W.-H., Tan, X., & Zeng, P. (2026) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-026-04576-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The nanoscale dimensions of PDEVs, typically ranging from 30 to 150 nanometers, facilitate their efficient penetration of physiological barriers [95].”
Yang, H., Liu, X., Yang, K., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.163066 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Paradigm Shift in SSTI Management: The Multifunctional Role of Extracellular Vesicles
Barathan, M., & Hanafiah, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136481 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The natural stability and biocompatibility of plant-derived EVs make them valuable for both antimicrobial therapy and wound repair because they can interact with mammalian systems [197].”
Dysregulated Repair in Aging and Disease: Extracellular Vesicles as an Emerging Protective Strategy
Calabrò, A., Accardi, G., Batista-Duharte, A., Ligotti, M. E., Pera, A., Puleo, C., Soresi, M., Candore, G., & Aiello, A. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15080662 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These factors can significantly alter vesicle composition and bioactive cargo, underscoring the need for rigorous reporting standards and more comprehensive characterization frameworks [92].”
InfluentialEdible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Nanocarriers for Regenerative Medicine
Chen, L., Chen, W., Chen, H., Guo, M., Du, W., Wang, S. L., Lao, T., Lin, H., Shi, Y., Pan, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2026.04.018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yu, J., Shen, Y., & Jia, H. (2026) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102688 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Their value will depend on whether a therapeutic question benefits more from biological complexity or from precise compositional control [19].”
Mulyani, R., Adi, P., Yudhistira, B., et al. (2025) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01456 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tomato derived exosome-like nanoparticle miRNAs regulating natural defence against Fusarium wilt
Kumari, R., & Satheeshkumar, P. K. (2025) · Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cusumano, G., Bertoldi, A., Calzoni, E., Alabed, H. B. R., Dinu, L.-D., Vamanu, E., Matei, F., Zengin, G., & Emiliani, C. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18111672 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, Z., Wang, K., Liu, X., Sun, M. H., Zhang, Y., & Su, W. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118433 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Dong, Y., Tian, Q., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, M., Li, Y., Li, X., Chen, Q., Guo, D., et al. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.173834 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lu, C., Li, D., Gao, W., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Fei, C., Zhou, P., & Wu, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1764724 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, Y.-Q., Nie, R., Feng, Z.-Y., Fan, M., Shen, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, J.-Y., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Q.-Y., Huang, K., et al. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.039 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“As naturally occurring nanoscale bilayer vesicles, P-ELNs share structural and functional similarities with their mammalian counterparts, particularly in their capacity to carry bioactive cargo (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) [21].”
Amin, A., & Park, S. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15091286 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Fruits such as apples ( Malus domestica ) also serve as scalable sources of EVs; apple‑derived EVs have been isolated and characterized for their protein, lipid, and nucleic acid cargoes, highlighting the broad distribution of PDEs across different plant tissues and organs (Figure 4) [79].”
Plant-derived nanovesicles: the intelligent nanoplatforms for therapeutics and drug delivery
Du, S., Jia, D. T., Liang, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-026-04484-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Depending on the type and origin of the plant or fruit, PDNVs carry distinct molecular cargos—such as lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites—that define their bio-chemical characteristics and inform the development of therapeutic agents targeting these biomolecules in human diseases [123].”
Healing wounds in diabetes: Exploring cutting-edge natural extracellular vesicle therapeutics
Miya, M. B., Chaturvedi, P., Pathak, V., Gupta, P. C., & Kalani, A. (2025) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Plant-Derived Excipients: Applications in Drug Formulation
Kumar, J., Kanojia, N., Jatindernath, et al. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7959-1_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ceballos‐Santa, M. C., Babu, J. V., Gaborski, T. R., Schulze, S., & Wuertz‐Kozak, K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660207 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[30] Compared to their mammalian counterparts, PDEVs offer multiple advantages beyond their typical mechanism of action, such as being ethically uncontroversial, cost-effective and scalable, and evidence thus far suggests that they do not pose risk of carcinogenesis, immunogenicity, or tissue…”
Chinese herbal medicine-derived nanovesicles for combatting cancers
Guan, B., Zhang, S., Wei, Y., Jian, J., Li, C., Wang, Z., Qu, H., Li, Z., Liu, M., & Wang, J. (2025) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2025.102888 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Alzahrani, F. A., Khan, M. I., Kameli, N., Alsahafi, E., & Riza, Y. M.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Jazan University (SA)
- Umm al-Qura University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Riza, Yasir Mohamed
- Venue
- Biomolecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-05-15
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 839
- ISSN
- 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10216196
- OpenAlex
- W4378516261
- Semantic Scholar
- e7075cca8dd15d0a29cc06d07b07b82d531d51c7
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Drug Discovery › Pharmacology and Nanomedicine Research
- Keywords
- plant-derived extracellular vesicles, drug delivery, nanomedicine, drug carriers, nucleic acid delivery, small molecule drug delivery, inflammation, cancer, colitis, alcoholic liver disease, COVID-19 pandemic, toxicology, standardization
- MeSH terms
- Extracellular Vesicles, COVID-19, Drug Carriers, Humans, Neoplasms, Drug Delivery Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
