CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 132

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Important Factors Affecting Induction of Cell Death, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage by Nano- and Microplastic Particles In Vitro

Płuciennik, Kamil, Sicińska, Paulina, Misztal, Weronika, Bukowska, Bożena·2024·Cells
DOI 10.3390/cells13090768PMC PMC11083305
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We have described the influence of selected factors that increase the toxicity of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) with regard to cell viability, various types of cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, and genotoxicity. These factors include plastic particle size (NPs/MPs), zeta potential, exposure time, concentration, functionalization, and the influence of environmental factors and cell type. Studies have unequivocally shown that smaller plastic particles are more cytotoxic, penetrate cells more easily, increase ROS formation, and induce oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. The toxic effects also increase with concentration and incubation time. NPs with positive zeta potential are also more toxic than those with a negative zeta potential because the cells are negatively charged, inducing stronger interactions. The deleterious effects of NPs and MPs are increased by functionalization with anionic or carboxyl groups, due to greater interaction with cell membrane components. Cationic NPs/MPs are particularly toxic due to their greater cellular uptake and/or their effects on cells and lysosomal membranes. The effects of polystyrene (PS) vary from one cell type to another, and normal cells are more sensitive to NPs than cancerous ones. The toxicity of NPs/MPs can be enhanced by environmental factors, including UV radiation, as they cause the particles to shrink and change their shape, which is a particularly important consideration when working with environmentally-changed NPs/MPs. In summary, the cytotoxicity, oxidative properties, and genotoxicity of plastic particles depends on their concentration, duration of action, and cell type. Also, NPs/MPs with a smaller diameter and positive zeta potential, and those exposed to UV and functionalized with amino groups, demonstrate higher toxicity than larger, non-functionalized and environmentally-unchanged particles with a negative zeta potential.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cells13090768

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Plastic particles induce various kinds of cell death. Created with BioRender.com. Agreement number WY26OLGRVX on 10 April 2024.
Figure 1 Plastic particles induce various kinds of cell death. Created with BioRender.com. Agreement number WY26OLGRVX on 10 April 2024.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Plastic particles induce various forms of DNA damage. Created with BioRender.com. Agreement number IO26L11V2Z on 16 March 2024.
Figure 2 Plastic particles induce various forms of DNA damage. Created with BioRender.com. Agreement number IO26L11V2Z on 16 March 2024.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The influence of various factors on the toxicity of plastic particles. Created with BioRender.com. Agreement number AO26L13F22 on 16 March 2024.
Figure 3 The influence of various factors on the toxicity of plastic particles. Created with BioRender.com. Agreement number AO26L13F22 on 16 March 2024.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 6 references

Research works printed but not linked: 73

  1. Gigault, 2018, Current Opinion: What Is a Nanoplastic?, Environ. Pollut., 235, 1030, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Lithner, 2011, Environmental and Health Hazard Ranking and Assessment of Plastic Polymers Based on Chemical Composition, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 3309, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Grote, K., Brüstle, F., and Vlacil, A.-K. (2023). Cellular and Systemic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Mammals—What We Know So Far. Materials, 16. · DOI
  4. Mattsson, 2015, Nano-Plastics in the Aquatic Environment, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 17, 1712, 10.1039/C5EM00227C · DOI
  5. Chae, 2018, Trophic Transfer and Individual Impact of Nano-Sized Polystyrene in a Four-Species Freshwater Food Chain, Sci. Rep., 8, 284, 10.1038/s41598-017-18849-y · DOI
  6. Costa, 2020, Trophic Transfer of Microplastics From Copepods to Jellyfish in the Marine Environment, Front. Environ. Sci., 8, 571732, 10.3389/fenvs.2020.571732 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Schwabl, 2019, Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series, Ann. Intern. Med., 171, 453, 10.7326/M19-0618 · DOI
  8. Huang, 2022, Detection and Analysis of Microplastics in Human Sputum, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 2476, 10.1021/acs.est.1c03859 · DOI
  9. Zhao, 2023, Detection and Characterization of Microplastics in the Human Testis and Semen, Sci. Total Environ., 877, 162713, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162713 · DOI
  10. Cetin, 2023, Higher Number of Microplastics in Tumoral Colon Tissues from Patients with Colorectal Adenocarcinoma, Environ. Chem. Lett., 21, 639, 10.1007/s10311-022-01560-4 · DOI
  11. Salvia, 2023, Fast-Screening Flow Cytometry Method for Detecting Nanoplastics in Human Peripheral Blood, MethodsX, 10, 102057, 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102057 · DOI
  12. Kik, K., Bukowska, B., Krokosz, A., and Sicińska, P. (2021). Oxidative Properties of Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Different Diameters in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (In Vitro Study). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22. · DOI
  13. Guševac Stojanović, I., Drakulić, D., Todorović, A., Martinović, J., Filipović, N., and Stojanović, Z. (2024). Acute Toxicity Assessment of Orally Administered Microplastic Particles in Adult Male Wistar Rats. Toxics, 12. · DOI
  14. Malinowska, 2022, Polystyrene Nanoparticles: The Mechanism of Their Genotoxicity in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Nanotoxicology, 16, 791, 10.1080/17435390.2022.2149360 · DOI
  15. Yin, 2023, Polystyrene Microplastics Promote Liver Inflammation by Inducing the Formation of Macrophages Extracellular Traps, J. Hazard. Mater., 452, 131236, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131236 · DOI
  16. Meijer, 2020, The Plastic Brain: Neurotoxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 17, 24, 10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y · DOI · Paper page
  17. Zhao, 2024, The Potential Toxicity of Microplastics on Human Health, Sci. Total Environ., 912, 168946, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168946 · DOI
  18. Zapata, 2024, Internalization and Toxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Inmortalized Human Neural Stem Cells, Chemosphere, 355, 141815, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141815 · DOI
  19. Domenech, 2020, Nanoplastics as a Potential Environmental Health Factor: Effects of Polystyrene Nanoparticles on Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells, Environ. Sci. Nano, 7, 272, 10.1039/C9EN00523D · DOI
  20. Schmidt, 2023, Short- and Long-Term Polystyrene Nano- and Microplastic Exposure Promotes Oxidative Stress and Divergently Affects Skin Cell Architecture and Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 20, 3, 10.1186/s12989-023-00513-1 · DOI
  21. Visalli, G., Facciolà, A., Pruiti Ciarello, M., De Marco, G., Maisano, M., and Di Pietro, A. (2021). Acute and Sub-Chronic Effects of Microplastics (3 and 10 Μm) on the Human Intestinal Cells HT-29. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18. · DOI
  22. He, 2020, Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics with Different Surface Functionalization on Human HepG2 Cells, Sci. Total Environ., 723, 138180, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138180 · DOI
  23. Annangi, B., Villacorta, A., López-Mesas, M., Fuentes-Cebrian, V., Marcos, R., and Hernández, A. (2023). Hazard Assessment of Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells, Focusing on the Autophagic Effects. Biomolecules, 13. · DOI
  24. Duffus, 2007, Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology, 2nd Edition (IUPAC Recommendations 2007), Pure Appl. Chem., 79, 1153, 10.1351/pac200779071153 · DOI
  25. Yan, 2023, Polystyrene Nanoplastics Promote the Apoptosis in Caco-2 Cells Induced by Okadaic Acid More than Microplastics, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 249, 114375, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114375 · DOI
  26. Wang, X., Ren, X., Hu, H., Zhang, P., Zhao, F., Zhang, L., He, H., Huang, B., and Pan, X. (2022). Micro- and Nano- Polystyrene Plastic Particles Induce Apoptosis Through the Production of Intracellular ROS on CT26.WT Cells. SSRN J. · DOI
  27. Mattioda, V., Benedetti, V., Tessarolo, C., Oberto, F., Favole, A., Gallo, M., Martelli, W., Crescio, M.I., Berio, E., and Masoero, L. (2023). Pro-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human and Murine Intestinal Cell Lines. Biomolecules, 13. · DOI
  28. Steckiewicz, K.P., Adamska, A., Narajczyk, M., Megiel, E., and Inkielewicz—Stepniak, I. (2022). Fluoride Enhances Polystyrene Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity in Colonocytes in Vitro Model. Chem. Biol. Interact., 367. · DOI
  29. Chen, 2023, Cellular Absorption of Polystyrene Nanoplastics with Different Surface Functionalization and the Toxicity to RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 252, 114574, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114574 · DOI
  30. Jiang, 2015, The Interplay of Size and Surface Functionality on the Cellular Uptake of Sub-10 Nm Gold Nanoparticles, ACS Nano, 9, 9986, 10.1021/acsnano.5b03521 · DOI
  31. Weiss, M., Fan, J., Claudel, M., Sonntag, T., Didier, P., Ronzani, C., Lebeau, L., and Pons, F. (2021). Density of Surface Charge Is a More Predictive Factor of the Toxicity of Cationic Carbon Nanoparticles than Zeta Potential. J. Nanobiotechnol, 19. · DOI
  32. Zhang, 2019, The Role of Positively Charged Sites in the Interaction between Model Cell Membranes and γ-Fe2O3 NPs, Sci. Total Environ., 673, 414, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.074 · DOI
  33. Wang, F., Salvati, A., and Boya, P. (2018). Lysosome-Dependent Cell Death and Deregulated Autophagy Induced by Amine-Modified Polystyrene Nanoparticles. Open Biol., 8. · DOI
  34. Halimu, 2022, Toxic Effects of Nanoplastics with Different Sizes and Surface Charges on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in A549 Cells and the Potential Toxicological Mechanism, J. Hazard. Mater., 430, 128485, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128485 · DOI
  35. Li, 2022, In Vitro Study on the Toxicity of Nanoplastics with Different Charges to Murine Splenic Lymphocytes, J. Hazard. Mater., 424, 127508, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127508 · DOI
  36. Shao, 2015, Independent Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticle Zeta Potential/Surface Charge, on Their Cytotoxicity and Affinity to Cells, Cell Prolif., 48, 465, 10.1111/cpr.12192 · DOI
  37. Honary, 2013, Effect of Zeta Potential on the Properties of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems—A Review (Part 1), Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 12, 255
  38. Zhang, 2009, Size-Dependent Endocytosis of Nanoparticles, Adv. Mater., 21, 419, 10.1002/adma.200801393 · DOI
  39. Schwegmann, 2010, Influence of the Zeta Potential on the Sorption and Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on S. Cerevisiae and E. Coli, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 347, 43, 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.02.028 · DOI
  40. Xu, 2023, Autophagic Response of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoplastics, Environ. Toxicol., 38, 205, 10.1002/tox.23678 · DOI
  41. Rubio, 2020, Biological Effects, Including Oxidative Stress and Genotoxic Damage, of Polystyrene Nanoparticles in Different Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines, J. Hazard. Mater., 398, 122900, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122900 · DOI
  42. Lins, 2022, Toxicity of Nanoplastics to Zooplankton Is Influenced by Temperature, Salinity, and Natural Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Nano, 9, 2678, 10.1039/D2EN00123C · DOI
  43. Shi, 2022, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastics with Different Size and Surface Modification in A549 Cells, Int. J. Nanomed., 17, 4509, 10.2147/IJN.S381776 · DOI
  44. Shi, 2021, Ultraviolet-Induced Photodegradation Elevated the Toxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells, Environ. Sci. Nano, 8, 2660, 10.1039/D1EN00465D · DOI
  45. Sun, 2023, Combined Toxicity of Micro/Nanoplastics Loaded with Environmental Pollutants to Organisms and Cells: Role, Effects, and Mechanism, Environ. Int., 171, 107711, 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107711 · DOI
  46. Tang, 2019, The Molecular Machinery of Regulated Cell Death, Cell Res., 29, 347, 10.1038/s41422-019-0164-5 · DOI
  47. Phuc, 2019, Polystyrene Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis or Necrosis With or Without Epidermal Growth Factor, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 19, 4812, 10.1166/jnn.2019.16347 · DOI
  48. Xia, 2008, Cationic Polystyrene Nanosphere Toxicity Depends on Cell-Specific Endocytic and Mitochondrial Injury Pathways, ACS Nano, 2, 85, 10.1021/nn700256c · DOI · Paper page
  49. Duchnowicz, 2023, The Effects of Non-Functionalized Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Different Diameters on Human Erythrocyte Membrane and Morphology, Toxicol. Vitr., 91, 105634, 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105634 · DOI
  50. Sarma, D.K., Dubey, R., Samarth, R.M., Shubham, S., Chowdhury, P., Kumawat, M., Verma, V., Tiwari, R.R., and Kumar, M. (2022). The Biological Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Nanomaterials, 12. · DOI
  51. Gopinath, 2019, Assessment on Interactive Prospectives of Nanoplastics with Plasma Proteins and the Toxicological Impacts of Virgin, Coronated and Environmentally Released-Nanoplastics, Sci. Rep., 9, 8860, 10.1038/s41598-019-45139-6 · DOI
  52. Rudnicka, 2011, Apoptosis and autophagy—Mechanisms and detection methods, Postep. Biol. Komorki, 38, 247
  53. Jeon, 2023, Polystyrene Microplastic Particles Induce Autophagic Cell Death in BEAS-2B Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells, Environ. Toxicol., 38, 359, 10.1002/tox.23705 · DOI
  54. Lu, 2022, Size-Dependent Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Autophagy Response in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, J. Hazard. Mater., 421, 126770, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126770 · DOI
  55. Seca, 2019, Autophagy-Dependent Toxicity of Amino-Functionalized Nanoparticles in Ovarian Cancer Cells, J. Mater. Chem. B, 7, 5376, 10.1039/C9TB00935C · DOI
  56. Pinsino, 2017, Amino-Modified Polystyrene Nanoparticles Affect Signalling Pathways of the Sea Urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) Embryos, Nanotoxicology, 11, 201, 10.1080/17435390.2017.1279360 · DOI
  57. Malinowska, 2023, The Effects of Non-Functionalized Polystyrene Nanoparticles of Different Diameters on the Induction of Apoptosis and MTOR Level in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Chemosphere, 335, 139137, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139137 · DOI
  58. Wu, H. (2014). Cell Death, Springer. · DOI
  59. Han, 2020, Ferroptosis and Its Potential Role in Human Diseases, Front. Pharmacol., 11, 239, 10.3389/fphar.2020.00239 · DOI
  60. Cao, 2016, Mechanisms of Ferroptosis, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 73, 2195, 10.1007/s00018-016-2194-1 · DOI · Paper page
  61. Wu, 2024, Polystyrene Nanoplastics Lead to Ferroptosis in the Lungs, J. Adv. Res., 56, 31, 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.003 · DOI
  62. Sun, 2023, Involvement of the JNK/HO-1/FTH1 Signaling Pathway in Nanoplastic-induced Inflammation and Ferroptosis of BV2 Microglia Cells, Int. J. Mol. Med., 52, 61, 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5264 · DOI
  63. Chen, 2024, Understanding the Mechanistic Roles of Microplastics Combined with Heavy Metals in Regulating Ferroptosis: Adding New Paradigms Regarding the Links with Diseases, Environ. Res., 242, 117732, 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117732 · DOI
  64. Poma, A., Vecchiotti, G., Colafarina, S., Zarivi, O., Aloisi, M., Arrizza, L., Chichiriccò, G., and Di Carlo, P. (2019). In Vitro Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoparticles on the Human Fibroblast Hs27 Cell Line. Nanomaterials, 9. · DOI · Paper page
  65. Domenech, J., De Britto, M., Velázquez, A., Pastor, S., Hernández, A., Marcos, R., and Cortés, C. (2021). Long-Term Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Biomolecules, 11. · DOI
  66. Vecchiotti, G., Colafarina, S., Aloisi, M., Zarivi, O., Di Carlo, P., and Poma, A. (2021). Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induction by Polystyrene Nanoparticles in the Colorectal Cancer Cell Line HCT116. PLoS ONE, 16. · DOI
  67. Kim, 2018, Imaging DNA Single-Strand Breaks Generated by Reactive Oxygen Species Using a Liquid Crystal-Based Sensor, Anal. Biochem., 556, 1, 10.1016/j.ab.2018.06.009 · DOI
  68. Barnes, 2018, Carcinogens and DNA Damage, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 46, 1213, 10.1042/BST20180519 · DOI
  69. Hossain, M.A., Lin, Y., and Yan, S. (2018). Single-Strand Break End Resection in Genome Integrity: Mechanism and Regulation by APE2. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19. · DOI
  70. Da Silva, M.S. (2021). DNA Double-Strand Breaks: A Double-Edged Sword for Trypanosomatids. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9. · DOI
  71. Ballesteros, 2020, Genotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects in Human White Blood Cells after Ex Vivo Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics, Environ. Sci. Nano, 7, 3431, 10.1039/D0EN00748J · DOI
  72. Tejeda, 2023, Detrimental Effects of Individual versus Combined Exposure to Tetrabromobisphenol A and Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Fish Cell Lines, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 98, 104072, 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104072 · DOI
  73. Sulukan, 2020, Polystyrene Nanoplastics (20 Nm) Are Able to Bioaccumulate and Cause Oxidative DNA Damages in the Brain Tissue of Zebrafish Embryo (Danio Rerio), NeuroToxicology, 77, 51, 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.010 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 132

Metadata

Authors
Płuciennik, K., Sicińska, P., Misztal, W., & Bukowska, B.
Affiliations
University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
ORCID
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-04-30
Volume
13
Issue
9
Pages
768
ISSN
2073-4409
DOI
10.3390/cells13090768
PMC
PMC11083305
Cited by
132
References
6
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz (B2011000000191.01)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Important Factors Affecting Induction of Cell Death, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage by Nano- and Microplastic Particles In Vitro. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/cells13090768
The paper
Płuciennik, K., Sicińska, P., Misztal, W., & Bukowska, B. (2024). Important Factors Affecting Induction of Cell Death, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage by Nano- and Microplastic Particles In Vitro. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13090768