The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics
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Given the global abundance and environmental persistence, exposure of humans and (aquatic) animals to micro- and nanoplastics is unavoidable. Current evidence indicates that micro- and nanoplastics can be taken up by aquatic organism as well as by mammals. Upon uptake, micro- and nanoplastics can reach the brain, although there is limited information regarding the number of particles that reaches the brain and the potential neurotoxicity of these small plastic particles. Earlier studies indicated that metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles, such as gold (Au) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles, can also reach the brain to exert a range of neurotoxic effects. Given the similarities between these chemically inert metal(oxide) nanoparticles and plastic particles, this review aims to provide an overview of the reported neurotoxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics in different species and in vitro. The combined data, although fragmentary, indicate that exposure to micro- and nanoplastics can induce oxidative stress, potentially resulting in cellular damage and an increased vulnerability to develop neuronal disorders. Additionally, exposure to micro- and nanoplastics can result in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and altered neurotransmitter levels, which both may contribute to the reported behavioral changes. Currently, a systematic comparison of the neurotoxic effects of different particle types, shapes, sizes at different exposure concentrations and durations is lacking, but urgently needed to further elucidate the neurotoxic hazard and risk of exposure to micro- and nanoplastics.
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Once taken up, nanoplastics are translocated to different organs where they might be hazardous for human health.
“Once taken up, they are translocated to different organs where they might be hazardous for human health.161”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [161]
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Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure on parkinsonism in zebrafish larvae and PC12
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Microplastics and human health
Vethaak, A. D., & Legler, J. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe5041 · Cited by 1,537 · see citing works
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Danopoulos, E., Jenner, L. C., Twiddy, M., & Rotchell, J. M. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7171 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“Recently reported potential human e ff ects include GI and liver toxicity (Chang et al. 2020; W Wang et al. 2019) as well as neurotoxicity (Prüst et al. 2020).”
Danopoulos, E., Twiddy, M., West, R., & Rotchell, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127861 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
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Liu, Q., Chen, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, F., Yao, W., & Xie, Y. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04199 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Mofijur, M., Ahmed, S. F., Rahman, S. M. A., Arafat Siddiki, S. Y., Islam, A. B. M. S., Shahabuddin, M., Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., Djavanroodi, F., & Show, P. L. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110857 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Thornton Hampton, L. M., Brander, S. M., Coffin, S., Cole, M., Hermabessiere, L., Koelmans, A. A., & Rochman, C. M. (2022) · Microplastics and Nanoplastics · doi:10.1186/s43591-022-00040-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Nanoplastic Toxicity: Insights and Challenges from Experimental Model Systems
Schröter, L., & Ventura, N. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202201680 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hoyo-Alvarez, E., Arechavala-Lopez, P., Jiménez-García, M., Solomando, A., Alomar, C., Sureda, A., Moranta, D., & Deudero, S. (2022) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106048 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chen, H., Gu, Y., Tan, S., Chen, X., Jiang, Y., Guo, H., Chen, J., Wang, C., Chen, C., Li, H., et al. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c02755 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Li, J., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Xie, H., Wu, G., Zhang, Y., & Wu, K. (2026) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110397 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Prüst, M., Meijer, J., & Westerink, R. H. S.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Westerink, Remco H. S.
- Venue
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology
- Published
- 2020-06-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-24
- ISSN
- 1743-8977 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7282048
- OpenAlex
- W3033000954
- Cited by
- 811
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 219 · 2024: 162 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ZonMw (458001002)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Keywords
- microplastics, nanoplastics, neurotoxicity, brain uptake, oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, neurotransmitter levels, behavior change, metal oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, aquatic organisms, particle size and shape, exposure duration
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Animals, Brain, Humans, Particle Size, Surface Properties, Tissue Distribution, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain, Nanoparticles, Aquatic Organisms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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