Impact of the Implementation of ChatGPT in Education: A Systematic Review
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The aim of this study is to present, based on a systematic review of the literature, an analysis of the impact of the application of the ChatGPT tool in education. The data were obtained by reviewing the results of studies published since the launch of this application (November 2022) in three leading scientific databases in the world of education (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar). The sample consisted of 12 studies. Using a descriptive and quantitative methodology, the most significant data are presented. The results show that the implementation of ChatGPT in the educational environment has a positive impact on the teaching–learning process, however, the results also highlight the importance of teachers being trained to use the tool properly. Although ChatGPT can enhance the educational experience, its successful implementation requires teachers to be familiar with its operation. These findings provide a solid basis for future research and decision-making regarding the use of ChatGPT in the educational context.
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Providing technical and pedagogical training can facilitate the ethical and effective integration of GAI into teaching.
“Providing technical and pedagogical training can facilitate the ethical and effective integration of GAI into teaching [39].”
From Generative artificial intelligence in physiotherapy education: great potential amidst challenges- a qualitative interview study (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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“On the basis of the findings described above, there are several research gaps in using chatbots in a foreign language classroom, i.e. a rare effective integration of chatbots into existing educational systems (Baidoo-Anu & Ansah, 2023; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023).”
An exploratory study of artificial intelligence adoption in higher education
Nagy, A. S., Tumiwa, J. R., Arie, F. V., & Erdey, L. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2386892 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“As per a few specialists, generative computer based intelligence may be utilized to convey customized criticism and exhortation to understudies, supporting them in identifying weak spots and adaptively fostering their abilities (Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023).”
Human-AI collaboration in software engineering: lessons learned from a hands-on workshop
Hamza, M., Siemon, D., Akbar, M. A., & Rahman, T. (2024) · Proceedings of the 7th ACM/IEEE International Workshop on Software-intensive Business · doi:10.1145/3643690.3648236 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Marta Montenegro-Rueda et al [13]. highlight the positive influence of ChatGPT on educational processes, emphasizing the need for teacher training to maximize its effectiveness.”
Collaborative Uses of GenAI Tools in Project-Based Learning
Perifanou, M. A., & Economides, A. A. (2025) · Education sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15030354 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Küçük, T. (2024) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/chatgpt.6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In particular, scholars have recently carried out extensive research to explore the impact and potential issues associated with ChatGPT in education (Lo, 2023; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023; Rahman & Watanobe, 2023).”
BackgroundRETRACTED: ChatGPT in the classroom: navigating the generative AI wave in management education
Leelavathi, R., & Surendhranatha, R. C. (2024) · Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1108/jrit-01-2024-0017 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
RetractedThe Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping the Future of Education: Opportunities and Challenges
Іванашко, О., Козак, А., Knysh, T., & Honchar, K. (2024) · Futurity Education · doi:10.57125/fed.2024.03.25.08 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“It has become a promising tool that promotes a students’ active participation and cognitive advancement (Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023).”
BackgroundUniversity Students’ Attitudes Toward ChatGPT Profiles and Their Relation to ChatGPT Intentions
Zhang, Y., Yang, X., & Tong, W. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2331882 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…and believed to have positive effects on university students’ learning while posing challenges, such as influencing their advanced cognitive abilities and upholding academic integrity (Chan & Hu, 2023; Farrokhnia et al., 2023; Grassini, 2023; Jarrah et al., 2023; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023).”
Image Analysis through the lens of ChatGPT-4
Johnson, O. V., Alyasiri, O. M., Akhtom, D., & JOHNSON, O. E. (2023) · Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.48185/jaai.v4i2.870 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vito, A. D., Geremia, N., Marıno, A., Bavaro, D. F., Caruana, G., Meschiari, M., Colpani, A., Mazzitelli, M., Scaglione, V., Rullo, E. V., et al. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-024-02350-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Regarding medical education, ChatGPT acts as an interac - tive tool, enabling both students and seasoned professionals to refine their clinical skills through simulated patient interactions [ 1, 8 ].”
Bubaš, G., Čižmešija, A., & Kovačić, A. (2023) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16010004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Klímová, B., & Campos, V. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2373512 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“As other research studies (Firaina & Sulisworo, 2023; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023; Strzelecki, 2023) indicate, ChatGPT can thus contribute to promoting autonomous learning, curiosity, and innovative and critical thinking in students.”
InfluentialVillarino, R. T. (2025) · IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation · doi:10.46661/ijeri.10909 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Uludağ, F., Kılıç, E., & Çelik, H. E. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05641-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“AIED supports this transformation with functions such as monitoring student performance, identifying individual de fi ciencies, and providing customized feedback (Montenegro-Rueda et al. 2023; Gidiotis and Hrastinski, 2024; Saihi et al. 2024).”
Tortella, F., Palese, A., Turolla, A., Castellini, G., Pillastrini, P., Landuzzi, M. G., Cook, C., Galeoto, G., Giovannico, G., Rodeghiero, L., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07176-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Furthermore, given the ongoing technological transition, reexamining student assessment systems offers the opportunity to preserve academic integrity and support adequate learning outcomes [74, 75].”
University Educators Perspectives on ChatGPT: A Technology Acceptance Model-Based Study
Barakat, M. M., Salim, N. A., & Sallam, M. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.1.718 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Furthermore, generative AI models can facilitate the digitalization of education and enhance the pedagogical methods’ efficiency and quality (García-Méndez et al., 2024; Ilieva et al., 2023; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023; Yu, 2024).”
Charting the Growth and Structure of Early ChatGPT-Education Research: A Bibliometric Study
Watrianthos, R., Ahmad, S. T., & Muskhir, M. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology Education Innovations in Practice · doi:10.28945/5221 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Role of ChatGPT in Education: Applications, Challenges: Insights From a Systematic Review
Dimeli, M., & Κώστας, Α. (2025) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/5422 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kızıltaş, Y. (2025) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331251365187 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“It should also be noted that ChatGPT can serve as a powerful aid in planning, drafting, reviewing, and idea-generation processes and can also be used as an ideal writing resource to assist in writing and education (Al Shloul et al., 2024; Levine et al., 2025; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023).”
AI chatbots: A disguised enemy for academic integrity?
Niloy, A. C., Hafiz, R., Hossain, B. M., Gulmeher, F., Sultana, N., Islam, K. F., Bushra, F., Islam, S., Hoque, S. I., Rahman, M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100396 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
AI Policies, Equity, and Morality and the Implications for Faculty in Higher Education
Azevedo, L., Mallinson, D. J., Wang, J., Robles, P., & Best, E. (2024) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2024.2414957 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cámara, J., Troya, J., Montes-Torres, J., & Jaime, F. J. (2024) · IEEE Software · doi:10.1109/ms.2024.3385309 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lindbäck, Y., Schröder, K., Engström, T., Valeskog, K., & Sonesson, S. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07106-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Providing technical and pedagogical training can facilitate the ethical and effective integration of GAI into teaching [39].”
Virtual Tutor, Digital Natives and AI: Analyzing the impact of ChatGPT on academia in Indonesia
Margono, H., Saud, M., & Falahat, M. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101069 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
High School Teachers’ Adoption of Generative AI
Elstad, E., & Eriksen, H. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE) · doi:10.7577/njcie.5736 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Investigating students' behavioral intention to use ChatGPT for educational purposes
Sun, P., Li, L., Hossain, M. S., & Zabin, S. (2025) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100531 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
To adopt or to ban? Student perceptions and use of generative AI in higher education
Farinosi, M., & Melchior, C. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05982-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“As with the emergence of any new technology, this has led to an evolution of meaning and usage practices, which have prompted a range of responses, including admiration, controversy, excitement and scepticism (e.g. Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023; Rudolph et al., 2023; Sullivan et al., 2023).”
Pre-made Empowering Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT: The Growing Importance of Human AI-Experts
Virvou, M. K., & Tsihrintzis, G. A. (2023) · International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA) · doi:10.1109/iisa59645.2023.10345880 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In [21] the results show that the implementation of ChatGPT in the educational environment has a positive impact on the teaching – learning process, however, the results also highlight the importance of teachers being trained to use the tool properly.”
Ouaazki, A., Bergram, K., Farah, J. C., Gillet, D., & Holzer, A. (2024) · International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3640794.3665542 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Katı, T. N., & Uğur, C. A. N. (2024) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.1415303 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
ChatGPT in early childhood STEM education: Can it be an innovative tool to overcome challenges?
Uğraş, H., & Uğraş, M. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12960-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…growth in recent years in various research areas such as robotics, education, and autonomous driving, leading to social transformations (Ahmad et al., 2021 ; Chen et al., 2020 ; Kasneci et al., 2023; Kusters et al., 2020 ; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023; Owoc et al., 2021 ; Reiners et al., 2021 ).”
ChatGPT integration significantly boosts personalized learning outcomes: A Philippine study
Agbong-Coates, I. J. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies · doi:10.53378/353067 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Asy’ari, M., & Шаров, С. (2024) · International Journal of Essential Competencies in Education · doi:10.36312/ijece.v3i2.2424 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Karamuk, E. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0122-8.ch007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Huang, S.-K., & Chen, C. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70094 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Galindo‐Domínguez, H., Delgado, N., de la Maza, M. S., & Urbieta, J. M. E. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108985 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sudan, T., Hans, A., & Taggar, R. (2024) · Interactive Technology and Smart Education · doi:10.1108/itse-10-2023-0202 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Social Influence, Personal Views, and Behavioral Intention in ChatGPT Adoption
Bali, S., Suwandi, E., Chen, T.-C., Lin, C.-S., & Liu, M.-C. (2024) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2024.2441758 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chen, S.-Y., Chen, W., & Lai, C. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13758-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Overall, the inte - gration of Generative AI expands the possibilities for reflective tools and challenges educators to rethink instructional strategies and the design of digital learning envi - ronments (Meneses, 2023 ).”
Integrating ChatGPT in the Calculus Classroom: Student Perceptions
Serhan, D., & Welcome, N. B. (2024) · International Journal of Technology in Education and Science · doi:10.46328/ijtes.559 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Promoting active learning with ChatGPT: A constructivist approach in Sri Lankan higher education
(2024) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2024.7.2.26 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
<scp>ChatGPT</scp> Interventions in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies
Jin, Y., & Sercu, L. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70072 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Salam, U. (2024) · Computers in the Schools · doi:10.1080/07380569.2024.2446239 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Tan, C., Wang, S., Zhang, H., Qian, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-025-01001-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The use of ChatGPT offers benefits by enabling students to adjust their learning pace and providing continuous support throughout the learning process, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of their educational experience (Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023).”
The use of AI Chatbots in higher education: the problem of plagiarism
Prokhorova, Y., Gujrati, R., & Uygun, H. (2024) · Review of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.37497/rev.artif.intell.educ.v5i00.31 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Instructional System Design
Chai, D. S., Kim, H. S., Kim, K. N., Ha, Y., Shin, S. S. H., & Yoon, S. W. (2025) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/15344843251320256 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“While research on AI in education and learning development literature has increased (e.g., Bahroun et al., 2023; Montenegro-Rueda et al., 2023; P´erez et al., 2020), no study has yet explored how GAI can improve research-supported instructional methods.”
- Authors
- Montenegro-Rueda, M., Fernández-Cerero, J., Fernández-Batanero, J. M., & López-Meneses, E.
- Affiliations
- Department of Teaching and Educational Organization, University of Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Venue
- Computers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-29
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 153
- ISSN
- 2073-431X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4385422591
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 92 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 207 · 2023: 28 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 20.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- the R&D&I project (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models in education, teaching-learning process, teacher professional development, AI tools in education, educational technology implementation
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