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Battery Management Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Open accessAbstract
The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation. To maintain the safety and reliability of the battery, state monitoring and evaluation, charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities that have been implemented in BMS. As an electrochemical product, a battery acts differently under different operational and environmental conditions. The uncertainty of a battery’s performance poses a challenge to the implementation of these functions. This paper addresses concerns for current BMSs. State evaluation of a battery, including state of charge, state of health, and state of life, is a critical task for a BMS. Through reviewing the latest methodologies for the state evaluation of batteries, the future challenges for BMSs are presented and possible solutions are proposed as well.
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“Other authors, such as Xing et al. [88], present a review of BMS for Battery Electric (BEVs) and Hybrid Vehicles (HVs) when considering the state of charge, the state of health, and the state of life, as the key features to be considered by BMSs.”
From A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [88]
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Cites
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“The ratio of the currently available capacity to the maximum capacity can be expressed as SOC [25], which is calculated by Equation (1):”
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“Thus, Pesaran [39] pointed out that it is important to reduce the temperature difference among cells, which must be monitored and operated under proper temperature conditions.”
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“He [37] developed a degradation model for lithium-ion batteries according to a new exponential model.”
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Prognostics methods for battery health monitoring using a bayesian framework
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MethodA review on prognostics and health monitoring of Li-ion battery
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“Determination of SOC and SOH will be integrated into a capability assessment, which also presents the life status of the battery and sets the operating limits according to state-of-the-art algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, state-space-based models, and so on [17,27,29].”
BackgroundMethodBattery-Management System (BMS) and SOC Development for Electrical Vehicles
Cheng, K. W. E., Divakar, B. P., Wu, H., Ding, K., & Ho, H. F. J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2010.2089647 · Cited by 696 · cited 5×
“Cheng [17] and Tremblay [18] adopted the generic battery model that was integrated in MATLAB [19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Online Parameter Estimation and Current Optimization for Trielectrode Zinc–Air Cell
Pineda-Rodriguez, J. D., Vlad, C., Rodríguez-Ayerbe, P., Lao-atiman, W., & Olaru, S. (2025) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1155/er/5899751
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Modes of Operation
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Performance Evaluation of LSTM and PINN for Internal Resistance Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Deep Koopman Observer for Lithium-Ion Battery Temperature Estimation
Abdullah, M. H., & Kandil, S. M. (2026) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj17060310
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AI Based Battery Management System in EV
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CNN-LSTM-Based Multivariate Anomaly Pattern Detection for Battery Management System
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“Knowledge of SOC is essential for range prediction, battery safety, and precise estimation of SOH is essential for battery maintenance scheduling and failure prevention [5].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xing, Y., Ma, E. W. M., Tsui, K. L., & Pecht, M.
- Affiliations
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Pecht, Michael
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-10-31
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1840-1857
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095027161
- Cited by
- 540
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 30.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- CityU Scholars (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- City University of Hong Kong
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Keywords
- battery management systems, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, state of charge estimation, state of health estimation, battery state monitoring, charge control, battery balancing
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