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Battery Management Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation. To maintain the safety and reliability of the battery, state monitoring and evaluation, charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities that have been implemented in BMS. As an electrochemical product, a battery acts differently under different operational and environmental conditions. The uncertainty of a battery’s performance poses a challenge to the implementation of these functions. This paper addresses concerns for current BMSs. State evaluation of a battery, including state of charge, state of health, and state of life, is a critical task for a BMS. Through reviewing the latest methodologies for the state evaluation of batteries, the future challenges for BMSs are presented and possible solutions are proposed as well.
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“Other authors, such as Xing et al. [88], present a review of BMS for Battery Electric (BEVs) and Hybrid Vehicles (HVs) when considering the state of charge, the state of health, and the state of life, as the key features to be considered by BMSs.”
From A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [88]
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Koseoglou, M., Tsioumas, E., Jabbour, N., & Mademlis, C. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2019.2920728 · Cited by 80
“parts; however, they are more expensive and complicated in the implementation and, thus, more vulnerable to faults [25], [26].”
BackgroundWang, S., Zhao, L., Su, X., & Ma, P. (2014) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en7106492 · Cited by 80
A method to prolong lithium-ion battery life during the full life cycle
Zhu, J., Xu, W., Knapp, M., Darma, M. S. D., Mereacre, L., Su, P., Hua, W., Liu‐Théato, X., Dai, H., Wei, X., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101464 · Cited by 79
“14,15 Various stress factors, including temperature, 16–18 current rates, 19–21 lower/upper cutoff voltage, 22,23 state of charge (SoC), 24 and cycling depth of discharge (DoD), 25 are considered in battery lifespan management to evaluate the battery durability and develop suitable usage strategies.”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Chen, L., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Chen, J., & Jin, J. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103245 · Cited by 76
Hazardous scenarios identification for Li-ion secondary batteries
Bubbico, R., Greco, V., & Menale, C. (2018) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2018.04.024 · Cited by 74
Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicles using Lithium Ion Batteries
Vaideeswaran, V., Bhuvanesh, S., & Devasena, M. (2019) · Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT) · doi:10.1109/i-pact44901.2019.8959965 · Cited by 74
“To improve the efficiency of the battery and also for its safe operation EV system need to be safely maintained [24].”
BackgroundGao, D., & Huang, M. (2017) · Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.6113/jpe.2017.17.5.1288 · Cited by 75
Ofoegbu, E. O. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.115833 · Cited by 74
Feng, F., Lu, R., Wei, G., & Zhu, C. (2015) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en8042950 · Cited by 74
“The most important function of the BMS is to estimate state of charge (SOC), which is provided to drivers to show remaining mileage, improve power distribution efficiency, and extend the expected life span of batteries [2,3].”
BackgroundHealth monitoring of lithium-ion batteries
Sood, B., Osterman, M. D., & PECHT, M. G. (2013) · IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE) · doi:10.1109/ispce.2013.6664165 · Cited by 72
Wang, C., Xu, M., Zhang, Q., Feng, J., Jiang, R., Wei, Y., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103244 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Xing, Y., Ma, E. W. M., Tsui, K. L., & Pecht, M.
- Affiliations
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Pecht, Michael
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-10-31
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1840-1857
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095027161
- Cited by
- 540
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 30.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- CityU Scholars (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- City University of Hong Kong
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Keywords
- battery management systems, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, state of charge estimation, state of health estimation, battery state monitoring, charge control, battery balancing
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