Cited by 22Graphene and Nanomaterials ApplicationsOccupational and environmental lung diseasesImmunotoxicology and immune responses

The Significance and Insignificance of Carbon Nanotube-Induced Inflammation

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Boyles, Matthew, Stoehr, Linda, Schlinkert, Paul, Himly, Martin, Duschl, Albert·2014·Fibers

Abstract

In the present review article immune responses induced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are addressed. As inhalation is considered to be the primary entry route, and concern has been raised by similar high aspect ratio materials, the main focus lies on immune responses upon pulmonary exposure. Inflammation-related findings from both in vivo studies and in vitro models are reviewed, and the major responsible characteristics, which may drive CNT-induced inflammation in the lung, are discussed. In a second part, responses upon intentional administration of CNTs via subcutaneous and intravenous application are addressed, including their potential benefits and drawbacks for immunotherapy. Finally, the gastrointestinal tract as an alternative exposure route is briefly discussed. While there are many studies identifying numerous other factors involved in CNT-driven toxicity, e.g., cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity, the focus of this review was kept solely on CNT-induced inflammation. Overall the literature has shown that CNTs are able to induce inflammation, which in some cases was a particularly robust response coinciding with the development of pro-fibrotic conditions. In the majority of cases the greatest inflammatory responses were associated with CNTs of considerable length and a high aspect ratio, accompanied by other factors like dispersion and sample purity.

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Crossref · 10.3390/fib2010045

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  • Macrophages tend to stall uptake of fibres longer than their own size if the cell membrane cannot sufficiently be deformed to enclose the whole fibre, leaving the cell penetrated (frustrated phagocytosis).

    “Macrophages tend to stall the uptake of fibres longer than their own size if the cell membrane cannot sufficiently be deformed to enclose the whole fibre. This so-called ‘frustrated phagocytosis’ leaves the cell in a penetrated state [11, 12].”

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  1. Bernstein, D.; Castranova, V.; Donaldson, K.; Fubini, B.; Hadley, J.; Hesterberg, T.; Kane, A.; Lai, D.; McConnell, E.E.; Muhle, H.; et al. Testing of fibrous particles: Short-term assays and strategies. Inhal. Toxicol. 2005, 17, 497-537.
  2. Pantarotto, D.; Briand, J.P.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A. Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 2004, 1, 16-17.

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Authors
Boyles, M., Stoehr, L., Schlinkert, P., Himly, M., & Duschl, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Salzburg (AT)
  • Grimm Aerosol Technik (Germany) (DE)
Corresponding author
Boyles, Matthew
Venue
Fibers
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2014-02-19
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
45-74
ISSN
2079-6439 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1986736946
Cited by
22
References
154
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4
FWCI
1.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Fibers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
European Commission (264506)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Occupational and environmental lung diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
Keywords
carbon nanotubes, pulmonary exposure, inhalation, immune response, high aspect ratio nanomaterials, nanotube length, nanotube dispersion, sample purity, immunotherapy, gastrointestinal exposure, pulmonary fibrosis, nanoparticle toxicity

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