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Cited by 26Nitric Oxide and Endothelin EffectsCardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

The Cardioprotective Role of Nitrate-Rich Vegetables

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Olas, Beata·2024·Foods
DOI 10.3390/foods13050691PMC PMC10931520
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Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is an inorganic radical produced by both the non-enzymatic nitrate (NO3−)—nitrite (NO2−)—NO pathway and enzymatic reactions catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Also, as nitrate and nitrite from dietary and other endogenous sources can be reduced back to nitric oxide in vivo, the endogenous NO level can be increased through the consumption of nitrate–rich vegetables. Ingestion of dietary NO3− has beneficial effects which have been attributed to a subsequent increase in NO: a signaling molecule that may regulate various systems, including the cardiovascular system. A diet rich in NO3− from green leafy and root vegetables has cardioprotective effects, with beetroot products being particularly good sources of NO3−. For example, various studies have demonstrated a significant increase in nitrite levels (regarded as markers of NO) in plasma after the intake of beetroot juice. The present review describes the current literature concerning the role of nitrate-rich vegetables (especially beetroot products) in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge, Sci Finder, Web of Science, and SCOPUS.

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  • In ageing populations, the benefits of dietary nitrate extend beyond reducing blood pressure.

    “In ageing populations, the benefits of dietary nitrate extend beyond reducing blood pressure.”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [145]

    Section 5, “Role of Vegetable Nitrate in CVDs” (page unavailable), suggests nitrate supplementation may help preserve vascular function with aging, a potential benefit beyond blood-pressure reduction. But Section 6, “Beetroot Products” (page unavailable), reports blood-pressure reductions in older adults without improved microvascular blood flow, and says endothelial benefits appear reduced in older subjects. The claim states benefits in ageing populations more firmly than these passages support. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness suggest a role for dietary nitrate in both primary and secondary prevention in ageing populations.

    “Improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness–key predictors of cardiovascular risk–suggest a role in both primary and secondary prevention [145,159,160,161].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [145]

    Section 5 links vascular dysfunction and arterial stiffening to cardiovascular ageing and says vegetable-rich diets may help prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. Section 6 reports beneficial effects of nitrate and beetroot supplementation on endothelial function, but says these effects appear reduced in older people and notes a null finding in peripheral arterial disease. The paper does not establish that dietary nitrate improves arterial stiffness or supports both primary and secondary prevention specifically in ageing populations; its cited stiffness studies concern nitrite supplementation. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Nitrate-rich vegetables contain antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, polyphenols and betalains) that preserve NO bioactivity and improve endothelial function.

    “nitrate-rich vegetables also contain antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, polyphenols and betalains) that preserve NO bioactivity and improve endothelial function [86,101,145].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [145]

    Section 2 (Dietary Sources of Nitrate; page unavailable) says nitrate-rich beetroot juice contains ascorbic acid, phenolics and betalains. Section 6 (Beetroot Products; page unavailable) reports improved endothelial function with beetroot supplementation, but does not establish that those antioxidants preserve NO bioactivity or cause the endothelial improvement. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Olas, B.
Affiliations
University of Łódź (PL)
Corresponding author
Olas, Beata
ORCID
Olas, Beata
Venue
Foods
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-02-24
Volume
13
Issue
5
Pages
691
ISSN
2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/foods13050691
PMC
PMC10931520
OpenAlex
W4392162612
Cited by
26
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 2
FWCI
1.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, nitrite, beetroot juice, nitric oxide synthase, cardiovascular disease, cardioprotection, leafy vegetables, root vegetables, plasma nitrite

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