Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools in Low Socio-Economic Regions in Nicaragua: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Open accessAbstract
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools contributes to better health and educational outcomes among school-aged children. In 2012, UNICEF Nicaragua and partners conducted a cross-sectional survey of WaSH in 526 schools in 12 low socio-economic status municipalities in Nicaragua. The survey gathered information on: school characteristics; teacher and community participation; water and sanitation infrastructure; and hygiene education and habits. Survey results were analyzed for associations between variables. WaSH coverage was significantly higher in urban than rural areas. Presence of drinking water infrastructure (43%) was lower than sanitation infrastructure (64%). Eighty-one percent of schools had no hand washing stations and 74% of schools lacked soap. Sanitation facilities were not in use at 28% of schools with sanitation infrastructure and 26% of schools with water infrastructure had non-functional systems. Only 8% of schools had budgets to purchase toilet-cleaning supplies and 75% obtained supplies from students’ families. This study generates transferable WaSH sector learnings and new insights from monitoring data. Results can be used by donors, service providers, and policy makers to better target resources in Nicaraguan schools.
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Alternate views around MHM impacted girls' choice of menstrual materials, where and how to dispose them, and whether to attend school or not during menstruation, as found in Nigeria, Kenya and India.
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- Authors
- Jordanova, T., Cronk, R., Obando, W., Medina, O., Kinoshita, R., & Bartram, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- United Nations Children's Fund (US)
- Independent Consultant, Managua 10000, Nicaragua
- Corresponding author
- Jordanova, Tania
- Bartram, Jamie
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-05-29
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 6197-6217
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4483696
- OpenAlex
- W1694568086
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- UNICEF
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Keywords
- water, sanitation and hygiene, school sanitation, school drinking water, hand washing station, hygiene education, sanitation facilities, urban-rural differences, school budgets
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Hygiene, Nicaragua, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schools, Socioeconomic Factors, Toilet Facilities, Drinking Water, Hand Hygiene
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