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Cited by 114Child Nutrition and Water AccessWater Resource Management and QualityWater Treatment and Disinfection

Evaluation of the Role of School Children in the Promotion of Point-of-Use Water Treatment and Handwashing in Schools and Households—Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2007

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Blanton, Elizabeth, Ombeki, Sam, Oluoch, Gordon Otieno, Mwaki, Alex, Wannemuehler, Kathleen, Quick, Rob·2010·The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
DOI 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422PMC PMC2844562
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Abstract

We installed drinking water and handwashing stations in 17 rural schools and trained teachers to promote water treatment and hygiene to pupils. We gave schools flocculent-disinfectant powder and hypochlorite solution for water treatment. We conducted a baseline water handling survey of pupils' parents from 17 schools and tested stored water for chlorine. We trained teachers and students about hygiene, installed water stations, and distributed instructional comic books to students. We conducted follow-up surveys and chlorine testing at 3 and 13 months. From baseline to 3-month follow-up, parental awareness of the flocculent-disinfectant increased (49–91%, P < 0.0001), awareness of hypochlorite remained high (93–92%), and household use of flocculent-disinfectant (1–7%, P < 0.0001) and hypochlorite (6–13%, P < 0.0001) increased, and were maintained after 13 months. Pupil absentee rates decreased after implementation by 26%. This school-based program resulted in pupil-to-parent knowledge transfer and significant increases in household water treatment practices that were sustained over 1 year.

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  • Interventions that deliver hand-washing promotion and point-of-use water treatment have reported reductions in student absence of between 21% and 61%, with one study specifically identifying reduced absence among girls (i.e., 58% reduction in the odds of absence for girls).

    “Interventions that deliver hand-washing promotion and point-of-use water treatment have reported reductions in student absence of between 21% [32] and 61% [38] with one study specifically identifying reduced absence among girls (i.e., 58% reduction in the odds of absence for girls) [21].”

    From Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact (2019) · cites this paper as [32]

  • Six studies examined whether WASH interventions in schools led to reductions in the family and community burden of WASH-related diseases and improved WASH knowledge at the family and community level; they provide very limited evidence of improvements in WASH-related knowledge and behavior and reduced WASH-related disease among family.

    “Six studied examined whether WASH interventions in schools led to reductions in the family and community burden of WASH-related diseases and improved WASH knowledge at the family and community level. They provide very limited evidence of improvements in WASH-related knowledge and behavior and reduced WASH-related disease among family [14,32,33].”

    From Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact (2019) · cites this paper as [32]

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Authors
Blanton, E., Ombeki, S., Oluoch, G. O., Mwaki, A., Wannemuehler, K., & Quick, R.
Affiliations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author
Blanton, Elizabeth
ORCID
Venue
The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Publisher
American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Published
2010-04
Volume
82
Issue
4
Pages
664-671
ISSN
  • 0002-9637 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-1645
DOI
10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0422
PMC
PMC2844562
OpenAlex
W2166137638
Cited by
114
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI
8.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Keywords
household water treatment, hand washing, hypochlorite, stored drinking water, residual chlorine, teacher professional development, school absenteeism, rural schools, Nyanza Province
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Data Collection, Disinfectants, Female, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Kenya, Male, Parent-Child Relations, School Health Services, Schools, Time Factors, Water Purification, Young Adult

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