Bioimpedance and Impedance Vector Patterns as Predictors of League Level in Male Soccer Players
Abstract
Purpose: Bioelectrical-impedance standards (resistance, reactance, and phase angle) are well established for the normal population or in the clinical setting and are considered indicators for cell mass, cell function, and hydration status. However, such standards do not exist for the male soccer population. Therefore, the goal of the current investigation was to provide a set of bioelectrical-impedance data of a large sample of soccer players with different performance levels. Methods: A sample of 893 players, registered in all Italian soccer divisions, was divided into 5 groups according to their performance level. Whole-body impedance measurements were performed during the first half of the competitive period. Besides estimation of body composition, bioelectrical-impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was performed. BIVA does not depend on equations and displays differences in hydration and body-cell mass (BCM). Individual vectors can be classified by using the 50%, 75%, and 95% tolerance ellipse. Results: In comparison with the other divisions and the normal population, the mean vector of the elite level showed a shift to the left (P < .001). Compared with the elite level, players of a lower performance level had lower phase angles, BCM, and fat-free mass. Conclusions: In conclusion, soccer players belong to a specific population. Muscle mass and function, as indicated by BCM and phase angle, increase with increasing performance level. The soccer-specific tolerance ellipses might be used for classifying individual vectors and to define target regions for low-level players.
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The mean impedance vectors with their 95% confidence ellipses for the development and validation groups fell within the 50% tolerance ellipses of the reference male elite soccer population.
“The mean vectors with their 95% confidence ellipses fell within the 50% tolerance ellipses of the reference male elite soccer population (Fig. 1).”
Body composition features of elite soccer players have not gone through a changing trend in the last decade, as individual and mean bioimpedance vectors fell within the 50% reference tolerance ellipse.
“This comparison showed that body composition features have not gone through a changing trend in the last decade, since individual, as well as mean bioimpedance vectors of the soccer players fell within the 50% reference tolerance ellipse.”
Individual bioimpedance vectors were distributed within the BIVA soccer-specific references, with some vectors positioned out of the 95% tolerance ellipse.
“Considering the individual vectors, they were distributed within the BIVA soccer-specific references [29], with some vectors positioned out of the 95% tolerance ellipse.”
The participants of the present study had higher FFM and ALST values than previous groups, in line with previous studies on soccer players.
“In contrast, the participants of the present study had higher FFM and ALST values, which are in line with previous studies on soccer players [29, 43].”
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- Authors
- Micheli, M. L., Pagani, L., Marella, M., Gulisano, M., Piccoli, A., Angelini, F., Burtscher, M., & Gatterer, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 532-539
- ISSN
- 1555-0265 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-0273
- OpenAlex
- W2140475852
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Keywords
- bioimpedance, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis, soccer players, performance level, body composition, cell mass, phase angle, hydration status, tolerance ellipses, elite athletes, fat-free mass
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Body Water, Competitive Behavior, Humans, Italy, Male, Physical Fitness, Plethysmography, Impedance, Predictive Value of Tests, Soccer, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Adiposity
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