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Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Previous meta-analyses were conducted during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, which utilized a smaller pool of data. The current meta-analysis aims to provide additional (and updated) evidence related to the psychological impact among healthcare workers. The search strategy was developed by a medical librarian and bibliographical databases, including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched for studies examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of healthcare workers. Articles were screened by three reviewers. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by I2 statistic. The random-effects model was utilized to obtain the pooled prevalence. A subgroup analysis by region, gender, quality of study, assessment methods, healthcare profession, and exposure was performed. Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plot and Egger linear regression test. Sixty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and the total sample constituted 79,437 participants. The pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress syndrome, insomnia, psychological distress, and burnout was 34.4%, 31.8%, 40.3%, 11.4%, 27.8%, 46.1%, and 37.4% respectively. The subgroup analysis indicated higher anxiety and depression prevalence among females, nurses, and frontline responders than males, doctors, and second-line healthcare workers. This study highlights the need for designing a targeted intervention to improve resilience and foster post-traumatic growth among frontline responders.
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“A systematic review showed that the pooled prevalence rate of psychological distress among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak was 46.1% (7).”
From Translation, adaptation, and initial evaluation of a guided self-help intervention to reduce psychological distress among nurses during COVID-19 in China (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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“The authors found higher levels of anxiety and depression among nurses compared to physicians, concluding that this may be due to the close proximity and exposure potential to a very infectious novel illness [7].”
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Burnout Trends Among US Health Care Workers
Mohr, D. C., Elnahal, S. M., Marks, M., Derickson, R., & Osatuke, K. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.5954 · Cited by 100
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“…rate and mortality rate, variations in and timing of containment strategies adopted by countries across regions (Middelburg and Rosendaal, 2020), and the varying degrees of resources available, including personal protective equipment (PPE), to address mental health symptoms (Batra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationElghazally, S. A., Alkarn, A. F., Elkhayat, H., Ibrahim, A. K., & Elkhayat, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105368 · Cited by 100
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Nursing staff fatigue and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
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The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Front Line Nurses: A Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence
González, S. H., Selva-Medrano, D., López‐Espuela, F., Caro‐Alonso, P. A., Novo, A., & Rodríguez‐Martin, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412975 · Cited by 60
“Various quantitative and qualitative studies show the impact of working on the front line with people with COVID-19, highlighting the following psychological impacts: anxiety, stress, depression [5,6], post-traumatic stress syndrome, psychological distress, and mental exhaustion [7].”
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Burnout, Depression and Sense of Coherence in Nurses during the Pandemic Crisis
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Collins, C., Clays, E., Poel, E. V., Cholewa, J., Tripković, K., Nessler, K., de Rouffignac, S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Bukumirić, Z., Adler, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095675 · Cited by 49
“Some studies have shown that among physicians who report experiencing at least some signs of burnout, family medicine and emergency medicine physicians are among those at highest risk [7].”
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Hesselink, G., Straten, L., Gallée, L., Brants, A., Holkenborg, J., Barten, D. G., & Schoon, Y. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06555-5 · Cited by 44
“This corresponds with the findings of a recent meta-analysis on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers, [4] and findings from similar studies on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak almost a decade ago, [12, 32, 33].”
ResultTh’ng, F., Rao, K. A., Ge, L., Mao, D. R., Neo, H. N., Molina, J. A. D. C., & Seow, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111228 · Cited by 42
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McFadden, P., Neill, R. D., Mallett, J., Manthorpe, J., Gillen, P. A., Moriarty, J., Currie, D., Schroder, H. S., Ravalier, J. M., Nicholl, P., et al. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab198 · Cited by 46
“This high representation of a larger female sample is similar to previous research and is representative of the profession (Batra et al., 2020; Holmes et al., 2021).”
ResultMensinger, J. L., Brom, H. M., Havens, D. S., Costello, A., D’Annunzio, C., Durning, J. D., Bradley, P. K., Copel, L. C., Maldonado, L. T., Smeltzer, S. C., et al. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151517 · Cited by 37
“, CHAMPS Registry) hospital-based registered nurses' emotional distress to rates reported among healthcare workers reported in two recent meta-analyses (Batra et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021) which comprised of 79,437 and 97,333 globally-based healthcare workers, respectively.”
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Cheng, C. K. T., Chua, J. H., Cheng, L. J., Ang, W. H. D., & Lau, Y. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13558 · Cited by 42
Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia
Norhayati, M. N., Yusof, R. C., & Azman, M. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179157 · Cited by 38
“This prevalence was similar to a review of 50 studies [102] but higher compared to previous reviews [6,19,20] and lower than another review of 40 studies among nurses [103].”
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Aguglia, A., Amerio, A., Costanza, A., Parodi, N., Copello, F., Serafini, G., & Amore, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126579 · Cited by 30
“Recent clinical studies confirmed these results, demonstrating a higher prevalence in young females with less working experience, particularly in nurses and in frontline staff compared to the medical doctor’ population and second-line staff, respectively [14,22,24,28,31,43].”
ResultPsychological Intervention to Promote Resilience in Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Han, S. J., & Yeun, Y.-R. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010073 · Cited by 33
“[2], and suicide rates increased [3].”
Kayrouz, R., Karin, E., Staples, L., Dear, B. F., Nielssen, O. B., & Titov, N. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06848-7 · Cited by 45
Sfeir, E., Rabil, J.-M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Khalife, M. F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12733-9 · Cited by 28
Fattori, A., Comotti, A., Mazzaracca, S., Consonni, D., Bordini, L., Colombo, E. M., Brambilla, P., & Bonzini, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054586 · Cited by 30
“Being female and younger were not significant risk factors for impaired mental health in contrast with previous results and pandemic-related literature, which showed women at higher risk for mental health disturbances and quality of life disruption beyond occupational role [5,8,51,52]; however, we should also take int…”
ResultHendrikx, I. E. M., Vermeulen, S. C. G., Wientjens, V. L. W., & Mannak, R. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19126968 · Cited by 35
“9%) [4,5], threatening the continuity of care delivered by them and their teams [6–9].”
BackgroundLevante, A., Martis, C., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., Petrocchi, S., & Lecciso, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1182309 · Cited by 32
“, 2020)—for instance, high levels of stress amongst health care professionals (Batra et al., 2020; Muller et al., 2020; Newby et al., 2020; Franklin and Gkiouleka, 2021) and low levels of wellbeing”
BackgroundCorbaz-Kurth, S., Juvet, T. M., Benzakour, L., Cereghetti, S., Fournier, C.-A., Moullec, G., Nguyen, A., Suard, J.-C., Vieux, L., Wozniak, H., et al. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105879 · Cited by 34
“Women, nurses and frontline workers were more at risk of anxiety and depression than men, doctors and secondary-line workers (Batra et al., 2020).”
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‘Young saplings on fire’ newly graduated nurses in the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Kovancı, M. S., & Özbaş, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13460 · Cited by 30
Carazo, S., Pelletier, M., Talbot, D. C., Jauvin, N., Serres, G. D., & Vézina, M. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002487 · Cited by 24
“A meta-analysis about the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs reported a 12-study pooled prevalence of psychological distress of 46%, but the studies used different distress measurement tools, did not asses the relationship with work and were highly heterogeneous [3].”
MethodResultChan, L. S., Liu, R. K. W., Lam, T. P., Chen, J. Y., Tipoe, G. L., & Ganotice, F. A. (2022) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2022.2044635 · Cited by 25
Psychiatric Issues Among Health Professionals
Braquehais, M. D., & Vargas-Cáceres, S. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.004 · Cited by 28
“Researchers have widely analyzed the mental health consequences of this epidemic crisis on HPs and their findings have been publicized by traditional and social media around the world.(7,16)”
BackgroundAnalyses of burn-out among medical professionals and suggested solutions—a narrative review
Tanios, M. A., Haberman, D., Bouchard, J., Motherwell, M., & Patel, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy · doi:10.21037/jhmhp-20-153 · Cited by 27
“Based on a recent review of nearly 80,000 health care workers anxiety, depression, stress, posttraumatic stress disorder and insomnia are increasingly being reported as cofactors of burnout (12).”
BackgroundLee, H.-L., Wilson, K. S., Bernstein, C., Naicker, N., Yassi, A., & Spiegel, J. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159722 · Cited by 24
Turcu-Ştiolică, A., Bogdán, M., Subtirelu, M.-S., Meca, A.-D., Tăerel, A.-E., Iaru, I., Kamusheva, M., & Petrova, G. I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040864 · Cited by 27
“reported higher levels of depression, distress and behavioral dysfunctionalities among female health workers who have prolonged contact with patients [5].”
BackgroundWorking conditions and well-being in UK social care and social work during COVID-19
Ravalier, J. M., McFadden, P., Gillen, P. A., Mallett, J., Nicholl, P., Neill, R. D., Manthorpe, J., Moriarty, J., Schroder, H. S., & Currie, D. (2022) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/14680173221109483 · Cited by 23
“However, this higher representation of females involved in the study is largely reflective of the majority composition of the social work and social care profession (Batra et al., 2020; Holmes et al., 2021).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Jiang, W., Bohan, L., Wu, Q., Li, Q., Ruting, G., Silong, G., Tuo, M., Li, H., & Lili, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.945993 · Cited by 23
Rossettini, G., Conti, C., Suardelli, M., Geri, T., Palese, A., Turolla, A., Lovato, A., Gianola, S., & Dell’Isola, A. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab143 · Cited by 23
McFadden, P., Neill, R. D., Moriarty, J., Gillen, P. A., Mallett, J., Manthorpe, J., Currie, D., Schroder, H. S., Ravalier, J. M., Nicholl, P., et al. (2021) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia2030017 · Cited by 24
“However, this gender composition is similar to previous research which involves a larger female participant sample in comparison to males [11,21,47,85,86] and is representative of the composition of the workforce, as females account for 70 percent of the surveyed workforces [42,71].”
ResultAlzahrani, N. S., Almarwani, A. M., Asiri, S. A., Alharbi, H. F., & Alhowaymel, F. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912157 · Cited by 23
Chen, D., Ni, Y., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Qi, Q., & Zhai, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1250623 · Cited by 26
“Numerous studies have highlighted the impact of occupational stress on healthcare workers’ mental health during the pandemic (6, 8, 9).”
BackgroundCyr, S., Marcil, M.-J., Houchi, C., Marin, M., Rosa, C., Tardif, J., Guay, S., Guertin, M., Genest, C., Forest, J., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04457-2 · Cited by 25
Hasen, A. A., Seid, A. A., & Mohammed, A. A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070367 · Cited by 21
“This was higher than the prevalence of stress among older HCWs 40.3% 34 and 42.1% 32 in Chinese HCWs, lower than study in Egypt 66.6%.”
ResultInfluentialResilience and Mental-Health Symptoms in ICU Healthcare Professionals Facing Repeated COVID-19 Waves
Azoulay, É., Pochard, F., Argaud, L., Cariou, A., Clère-Jehl, R., Guisset, O., Labbé, V., Tamion, F., Bruneel, F., Jourdain, M., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202305-0806oc · Cited by 23
“(23).”
Sources of Health Anxiety for Hospital Staff Working during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Shayganfard, M., Mahdavi, F., Haghighi, M., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063094 · Cited by 20
“[11], in their metaanalysis, summarized results from 65 studies, including 79,437 hospital staff members, and they reported the following prevalence rates: anxiety: 34.”
BackgroundHarris, S., Jenkinson, E., Carlton, E. W., Roberts, T., & Daniels, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413067 · Cited by 20
“Evidence has shown that mental health outcomes in the pandemic vary by professional group [5,6,31], meaning further research is needed to gain insight into the experiences of other HCW groups following two waves of the pandemic.”
BackgroundSon, H. S., Kim, K., Cho, I., Lee, J., Choi, J. M., Kil, K., Kim, J.-H., Hong, Y., Ahn, M. H., & Chung, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735016 · Cited by 25
Tashiro, T., Maeda, N., Tsutsumi, S., Komiya, M., Arima, S., Mizuta, R., Fukui, K., Nishikawa, Y., & Urabe, Y. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03997-x · Cited by 20
“A meta-analysis conducted early in the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that mental health problems among health professionals were exacerbated and that more attention should be paid to psychosocial impacts [13].”
BackgroundSchmuck, J., Hiebel, N., Kriegsmann-Rabe, M., Schneider, J. N., Matthias, J.-K., Erim, Y., Morawa, E., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Beschoner, P., Albus, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116545 · Cited by 24
“Reviewing 65 studies from mostly Asian countries, Batra et al. (2020) showed that the pooled prevalence of anxiety and depression in HCW was 34% and 32%, respectively [6].”
BackgroundFu, F., Ji, Q., Chen, Y., & Cao, Q. P. (2022) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2022.2101582 · Cited by 22
“Indeed most studies concerned with the mental health of medical staff during the pandemic (Batra et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2020; Shen et al., 2020) have focused on doctors and nurses (Man et al., 2021), or “medical staff in inpatient and outpatient departments” (Ness et al., 2021), while few…”
BackgroundSikaras, C., Pachi, A., Alikanioti, S., Ilias, Ι., Sideri, E. P., Tselebis, A., & Παναγιώτου, Α. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020126 · Cited by 29
“Existing studies and meta-analysis report higher levels of burnout among female nurses compared to males (Batra et al., 2020; Alenezi et al., 2024), but results remain inconclusive since other research studies and meta-analysis evidenced contradictory findings on gender differences as to burnout…”
Abdalla, M., Chiuzan, C. C., Shang, Y., Ko, G., Diaz, F., Shaw, K., McMurry, C. L., Cannone, D. E., Sullivan, A. M., Lee, S. A. J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178970 · Cited by 19
Sikaras, C., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Tselebis, A., Pachi, A., Ilias, Ι., & Παναγιώτου, Α. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11030367 · Cited by 19
“Our results also showed that Greek nurses had among the highest rates of fatigue [9,12,39], anxiety and depression compared to the findings of studies in other countries [6,10,11].”
ResultGriffin, L., & Riley, R. A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055804 · Cited by 22
Depression in China During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Liu, W., Yu, F., Geldsetzer, P., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Golden, T. R., Jiao, L., Chen, Q., Liu, H., Wu, P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056667 · Cited by 19
A meta-review of psychological resilience during COVID-19
Seaborn, K., Henderson, K., Jacek Gwizdka, A., & Chignell, M. (2022) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-022-00005-8 · Cited by 20
“…social support 6 20 – 23, Organisational Provide training and/or intervention programmes 6 17 – 22 ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low Provide social support 6 19,21,22,46,47,53 Insuf fi cient evidence Provide mental health support 4 19,21 – 23 Insuf fi cient evidence Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) 5 19…”
Beschoner, P., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Erim, Y., Geiser, F., Baranowski, A., Weidner, K., Albus, C., Schug, C., Limbrecht-Ecklundt, K., Weimer, K., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287509 · Cited by 22
Abdoli, N., Farnia, V., Jahangiri, S., Radmehr, F., Alikhani, M., Abdoli, P., Davarinejad, O., Dürsteler, K. M., Brühl, A. B., Bahmani, D. S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126289 · Cited by 18
Pigati, P. A. D. S., Righetti, R. F., Nisiaymamoto, B. T. C., Saraiva-Romanholo, B. M., & Tibério, I. D. F. L. C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.049 · Cited by 22
“A total of 65 studies were included and showed a higher prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, posttraumatic stress syndrome, insomnia, psychological distress, and burnout among these professionals (Batra et al., 2020).”
Morales-Montoya, M., Córdova-Limaylla, N. E., Briceño‐Vergel, G., Castañeda, M. I. L., Garcia-Luna, G., Cachay-Criado, H., Cervantes‐Ganoza, L., & Cayo-Rojas, C. F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18899-x · Cited by 18
Kapoor, N. R., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Zebari, D. A., Kumar, K., Mohammed, M. A., Al‐Waisy, A. S., & Albahar, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416862 · Cited by 17
“Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus” (SARS-CoV) (2002), influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) (2009), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012), Ebola virus (2013), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a few of the deadliest viral pandemics that have had…”
BackgroundNishizaki, Y., Nagasaki, K., Shikino, K., Kurihara, M., Shinozaki, T., Kataoka, K., Shimizu, T., Yamamoto, Y., Fukui, S., Nishiguchi, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066348 · Cited by 17
Bureau, R., Bemmouna, D., Faria, C. G. F., Goethals, A.-A. C., Douhet, F., Mengin, A. C., Fritsch, A., Bertschy, A. Z., Frey, I., & Weiner, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760678 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, front line healthcare workers are exposed to more stressors such as increased workload, elevated exposure to deaths and severe cases, risk of contamination and unpredictable working conditions (Batra et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2021), which increase their risk of experiencing distress and burnout (Jalili et al.”
BackgroundNurses’ mental health from early COVID‐19 pandemic to vaccination
Kim, S. C., Rankin, L., & Ferguson, J. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12760 · Cited by 19
Evaluation of COVID-19 ECHO training program for healthcare workers in India - A Mixed-Method Study
Panda, R., Mishra, N., Lahoti, S., Prabhu, R. R., Mishra, A., Singh, K., & Rai, K. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08288-5 · Cited by 15
Ahn, M. H., Shin, Y. W., Suh, S., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, K.-U., & Chung, S. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9nxth · Cited by 63
Gonella, S., Giulio, P. D., Antal, A., Cornally, N., Martin, P., Campagna, S., & Dimonte, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052504 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, targeted interventions and resources to improve resilience and communication skills among frontline HCPs would be beneficial [21,24].”
BackgroundJiménez-Giménez, M., Escribano-Martínez, A. S., OLTRA, M. F., Bonilla-Rodríguez, J., Sánchez, B. G., Rojo-Tejero, N., Sánchez-González, M. Á., & Muñoz-Lorenzo, L. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01253-9 · Cited by 19
Masoumi, M., Shokraee, K., Mohammadi, S., Moradi, S., Bagherzadeh, M., Balasi, J., & Smiley, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010136 · Cited by 16
Nonaka, S., Makiishi, T., Nishimura, Y., Nagasaki, K., Shikino, K., Izumiya, M., Moriya, M., Sadohara, M., Ohtake, Y., & Kuriyama, A. (2021) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8118-21 · Cited by 16
Shechter, A., Chiuzan, C. C., Shang, Y., Ko, G., Diaz, F., Venner, H. K., Shaw, K., Cannone, D. E., McMurry, C. L., Sullivan, A. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010262 · Cited by 15
Covid-19 and mental health of children and adolescents: A systematic review
Aarah‐Bapuah, M., Oppong, S. S., Yawson, A. O., Dzansi, G., & Adjorlolo, S. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2111849 · Cited by 19
“Most of these reports have focused on adults, including healthcare workers (Batra et al., 2020; Muller et al., 2020; Newby et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAlrasheed, M. M., Alrasheed, S., & Alqahtani, A. S. (2022) · Saudi Journal of Health Systems Research · doi:10.1159/000525209 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Batra, K., Singh, T. P., Sharma, M., Batra, R., & Schvaneveldt, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Department of Information Technology and Testing Center of Excellence, Coforge, Atlanta, GA 30338, USA
- Corresponding author
- Batra, Kavita
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-05
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 9096
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7730003
- OpenAlex
- W3111432422
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 73
- FWCI
- 5.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, psychological distress, burnout, nurses, gender differences, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Pandemics
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