Cited by 343COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutOccupational Health and Burnout

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Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis

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Batra, Kavita, Singh, Tejinder Pal, Sharma, Manoj, Batra, Ravi, Schvaneveldt, Nena·2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

DOI 10.3390/ijerph17239096PMC PMC7730003

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Abstract

Previous meta-analyses were conducted during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, which utilized a smaller pool of data. The current meta-analysis aims to provide additional (and updated) evidence related to the psychological impact among healthcare workers. The search strategy was developed by a medical librarian and bibliographical databases, including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched for studies examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of healthcare workers. Articles were screened by three reviewers. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by I2 statistic. The random-effects model was utilized to obtain the pooled prevalence. A subgroup analysis by region, gender, quality of study, assessment methods, healthcare profession, and exposure was performed. Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plot and Egger linear regression test. Sixty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and the total sample constituted 79,437 participants. The pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress syndrome, insomnia, psychological distress, and burnout was 34.4%, 31.8%, 40.3%, 11.4%, 27.8%, 46.1%, and 37.4% respectively. The subgroup analysis indicated higher anxiety and depression prevalence among females, nurses, and frontline responders than males, doctors, and second-line healthcare workers. This study highlights the need for designing a targeted intervention to improve resilience and foster post-traumatic growth among frontline responders.

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“Depression Anxiety Insomnia Stress PTSD a Distress Que et al., 2020 [63] 2285 China 37.6 9.1 30.9 GAD b -7 PHQ c ISI d ≥10 ≥10 ≥15 44.4 (1014) 46.0 (1052) 28.8 (657) NA NA NA Rossi et al., 2020 [64] 1379 Italy 37.64 34.23 22.8 GPS PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 ISI d -7 PSS j -10 ≥3 ≥15 ≥15 ≥22 NA 24.73 (341) 19.8 (273) 8.3 (114)…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital
Dal’Bosco, E. B., Floriano, L. S. M., Skupien, S. V., Arcaro, G., Martins, A. R., & Anselmo, A. C. C. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434 · Cited by 275 · cited 8×
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluential
The mental health of frontline and non-frontline medical workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: A case-control study.
Cai, Q., Feng, H., Huang, J., Wang, M., Wang, Q., Lu, X., Xie, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Hou, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.031 · Cited by 248 · cited 9×
“…Y Y NA N NA NA N 6 Medium Amin et al., 2020 [37] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium An et al., 2020 [46] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Cai et al., 2020 [79] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Caliskan et al., 2020 [47] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Cao et al., 2020…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Posttraumatic stress symptoms of health care workers during the corona virus disease 2019
Yin, Q., Sun, Z., Liu, T., Ni, X., Deng, X., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Zhou, Y., & Liu, W. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2477 · Cited by 237 · cited 8×
“A ab ≥8 ≥8 57.3 (549) 54.2 (518) NA NA NA NA Yang et al., 2020 [74] 65 South Korea NA NA 52.3 GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 ≥5 ≥10 18.5 (12) 32.3 (21) NA NA NA NA Yin et al., 2020 [75] 371 China 18.1 71.2 38.5 PCL af -5 ≥33 NA NA NA NA 3.8(14) NA Zhan et al., 2020 [76] 1794 China NA 100.0 3.0 AIS f FS g 14…”
BackgroundInfluential
Prevalence of self-reported depression and anxiety among pediatric medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak in Guiyang, China
Chen, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, F. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113005 · Cited by 234 · cited 10×
“…NA NA N 6 Medium Cao et al., 2020 [33] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Chatterjee et al., 2020 [48] Y Y NR N N Y N Y Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Chen et al., 2020 [30] Y Y Y N N Y N N NR NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium Chew et al., 2020 [34] Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Chung and Yeung et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
A cross-sectional study on mental health among health care workers during the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019
Cai, W.-P., Lian, B., Song, X.-R., Hou, T.-Y., Deng, G.-H., & Li, H.-F. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102111 · Cited by 231 · cited 7×
“…Y Y NA N NA NA N 6 Medium Amin et al., 2020 [37] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium An et al., 2020 [46] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Cai et al., 2020 [79] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Caliskan et al., 2020 [47] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Cao et al., 2020…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental Health Status of Doctors and Nurses During COVID-19 Epidemic in ChinaPreprint
Liu, Z., Han, B., Jiang, R., Huang, Y., Ma, C., Wen, J., Zhang, T., Wang, Y., Chen, H., & Ma, Y. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3551329 · Cited by 226 · cited 7×
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluential
The examination of sleep quality for frontline healthcare workers during the outbreak of COVID-19
Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., Algahtani, H. M., Ebrahim, A. H., Faris, M. E., AlEid, K., Saif, Z., Haji, E. A., Dhahi, A., Marzooq, H., et al. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02135-9 · Cited by 218 · cited 11×
“, 2020 [58] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Kang et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
A Study of Basic Needs and Psychological Wellbeing of Medical Workers in the Fever Clinic of a Tertiary General Hospital in Beijing during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Cao, J., Wei, J., Zhu, H., Duan, Y., Geng, W., Hong, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, X., & Zhu, B. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000507453 · Cited by 215 · cited 10×
“, 2020 [33] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Chatterjee et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019
Wang, S., Xie, L., Xu, Y. Q., Yu, S., Yao, B.-Q., & Xiang, D. (2020) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa074 · Cited by 213 · cited 19×
“Depression Anxiety Insomnia Stress PTSD a Distress Que et al., 2020 [63] 2285 China 37.6 9.1 30.9 GAD b -7 PHQ c ISI d ≥10 ≥10 ≥15 44.4 (1014) 46.0 (1052) 28.8 (657) NA NA NA Rossi et al., 2020 [64] 1379 Italy 37.64 34.23 22.8 GPS PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 ISI d -7 PSS j -10 ≥3 ≥15 ≥15 ≥22 NA 24.73 (341) 19.8 (273) 8.3 (114)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The evaluation of sleep disturbances for Chinese frontline medical workers under the outbreak of COVID-19
Qi, J., Xu, J., Li, B.-Z., Huang, J.-S., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z.-T., Yao, D.-A., Liu, Q.-H., Jia, M., Gong, D.-K., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.023 · Cited by 196
Attitude, practice, behavior, and mental health impact of COVID-19 on doctors
Bhattacharyya, R., Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Gupta, S., Das, S., & Banerjee, B. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_333_20 · Cited by 190 · cited 6×
“001 [18,20,21,31,32,34,41,44,48,54,58,60,62,64,66,73,76] Subgroup Analysis Categories Subgroups Number of Studies Proportion (%) 95% CI I2 p Value References”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors associated with mental health outcomes across healthcare settings in Oman during COVID-19: frontline versus non-frontline healthcare workers
Alshekaili, M., Hassan, W., Said, N. A., Al‐Sulaimani, F., Jayapal, S. K., Al‐Mawali, A., Chan, M. F., Mahadevan, S. K., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042030 · Cited by 180
Post-traumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against COVID-19
Cui, P. P., Wang, P. P., Wang, K., Ping, Z., Wang, P., & Chen, C. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106540 · Cited by 177 · cited 1×
“Positive traumatic growth (a positive approach to the management of complex traumas) among health care workers has gained special attention, and interventions to build this have been suggested [96,99,100].”
Background
Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey
Aksoy, Y. E., & Koçak, V. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011 · Cited by 170 · cited 1×
“, 2020 [81] Y Y NR N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium Alshekaili et al.”
Background
Psychological impact on women health workers involved in COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan: a cross-sectional study
Li, G., Miao, J., Wang, H., Xu, S., Sun, W., Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Zhu, S., Zhu, Z., & Wang, W. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323134 · Cited by 169 · cited 9×
“001 [18,20,21,31,32,34,41,44,48,54,58,60,62,64,66,73,76] Subgroup Analysis Categories Subgroups Number of Studies Proportion (%) 95% CI I2 p Value References”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental health among otolaryngology resident and attending physicians during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: National study
Civantos, A. M., Byrnes, Y. M., Chang, C., Prasad, A., Chorath, K. T., Poonia, S. K., Jenks, C. M., Bur, A. M., Thakkar, P., Graboyes, E. M., et al. (2020) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.26292 · Cited by 162 · cited 4×
“Burnout was assessed in three studies [33,49,57] and the overall prevalence in a sample size of 2487 was 37.”
BackgroundInfluential
Sleep quality and mood symptoms in conscripted frontline nurse in Wuhan, China during COVID-19 outbreak
Tu, Z., He, J.-W., & Zhou, N. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000020769 · Cited by 159 · cited 3×
“The quality of sleep was assessed in five studies [26,32,58,66,70].”
Background
Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on dental students: A nationwide study
Hakami, Z. W., Khanagar, S. B., Vishwanathaiah, S., Hakami, A., Bokhari, A. M., Jabali, A. H., Alasmari, D. S., & Aldrees, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.12470 · Cited by 157
The psychology of coronavirus fear: Are healthcare professionals suffering from corona-phobia?
Amin, S. (2020) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2020.1765119 · Cited by 152 · cited 2×
“, 2020 [37] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium An et al.”
Background
The social psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical staff in China: A cross-sectional study
Dong, Z., Ma, J., Hao, Y., Shen, X., Liu, F., Gao, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.59 · Cited by 151 · cited 9×
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluential
Occupational Stress, Burnout, and Depression in Women in Healthcare During COVID-19 Pandemic: Rapid Scoping Review
Sriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A. C., Lupea, D., Ayala, A. P., Pang, H. Y. M., & Lee, D. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.596690 · Cited by 149
Covid-19 pandemic impact on mental health: a web-based cross-sectional survey on a sample of Italian general practitioners.
Amerio, A., Bianchi, D., Santi, F., Costantini, L., Odone, A., Signorelli, C., Costanza, A., Serafini, G., Amore, M., & Aguglia, A. (2020) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v91i2.9619 · Cited by 146 · cited 1×
“, 2020 [45] Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y NA N NA NA N 6 Medium Amin et al.”
Background
Quality of sleep and health-related quality of life among health care professionals treating patients with coronavirus disease-19
Stojanov, J., Malobabić, M., Stanojević, G., Stević, M., Milošević, V., & Stojanov, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020942800 · Cited by 139 · cited 8×
“…ag ≥19 NA NA NA NA NA 11.5(39) Shechter et al., 2020 [66] 657 USA 28.8 47.6 21.8 PC-PTSD u PHQ c -2 GAD b -2 ≥3 ≥3 ≥3 48.0 (313) 33.0 (215) NA 57.0 (371) NA NA Stojanov et al., 2020 [67] 201 Serbia NA 100.0 34.3 GAD b -7 ZSDS v ≥5 ≥50 30.8(62) 48.2 (97) NA NA NA NA Sun et al.,2020 [77] 320 China…”
BackgroundInfluential
Anxiety and Depression in Health Workers and General Population During COVID‐19 in IRAN: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Hassannia, L., Taghizadeh, F., Moosazadeh, M., Zarghami, M., Taghizadeh, H., Dooki, A. F., Fathi, M., Alizadeh‐Navaei, R., Hedayatizadeh‐Omran, A., & Dehghan, N. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12153 · Cited by 137
Factors associated with insomnia among Chinese front‐line nurses fighting against COVID‐19 in Wuhan: A cross‐sectional survey
Zhan, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Li, M., Shen, Y., Gui, L., Zhang, J., Luo, Z., Tao, X., & Yu, J. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13094 · Cited by 132 · cited 9×
“001 [18,20,21,31,32,34,41,44,48,54,58,60,62,64,66,73,76] Subgroup Analysis Categories Subgroups Number of Studies Proportion (%) 95% CI I2 p Value References”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmologists-in-training and practising ophthalmologists in India
Khanna, R., Honavar, S., Metla, A., Bhattacharya, A., & Maulik, P. (2020) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_1458_20 · Cited by 128 · cited 10×
“…NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Kang et al., 2020 [39] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Kaveh et al., 2020 [43] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Khanna et al., 2020 [59] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Koksal et al., 2020 [80] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Lai et al., 2020…”
BackgroundInfluential
Subjective Overload and Psychological Distress among Dentists during COVID-19
Mijiritsky, E., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Liu, F., Datarkar, A. N., Mangani, L., Caplan, J., Shacham, A., Kolerman, R., Mijiritsky, O., Ben‐Ezra, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145074 · Cited by 117
Psychological Effects of COVID-19 on Hospital Staff: A National Cross-Sectional Survey of China MainlandPreprint
Guo, J., Liao, L., Wang, B., Li, X., Guo, L., Tong, Z., Guan, Q., Zhou, M., Wu, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3550050 · Cited by 108 · cited 13×
“001 [16,23,33,41,42,55,63,66,73] Healthcare Workers Frontline 6 23.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological status and fatigue of frontline staff two months after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in China: A cross-sectional study
Teng, Z., Wei, Z.-R., Qiu, Y., Tan, Y., Chen, J., Tang, H., Wu, H., Wu, R., & Huang, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.032 · Cited by 103 · cited 10×
“0001 [6,16,23,24,27,28,30,34,35,43,48,49,54,55,57,61,65,68] CI = Confidence Interval; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SAS = Self-rating Anxiety Scale; Good quality score = 7–9; Medium Quality score = 4–6; I2 statistic indicates the heterogeneity.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Mental Health Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Therapists
Yang, S., Kwak, S. G., Ko, E. J., & Chang, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103723 · Cited by 101 · cited 9×
“…NA N 6 Medium Weilenmann et al., 2020 [72] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Xiao et al., 2020 [73] Y Y NR N N Y N Y Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Yang et al., 2020 [74] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Yin et al., 2020 [75] Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Zhan et al., 2020 [76] Y Y…”
BackgroundInfluential
The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medical staff in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study
Wang, H., Huang, D., Huang, H., Zhang, J., Guo, L., Liu, Y., Ma, H., & Geng, Q. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002561 · Cited by 93 · cited 17×
“, 2020 [71] Y Y Y N N Y Y N N NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Weilenmann et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Staff Mental Health Self-Assessment During the COVID-19 Outbreak
Chung, J. P.-Y., & Yeung, W. S. (2020) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap2014 · Cited by 88 · cited 2×
“, 2020 [78] Y Y NR N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium Civantos et al.”
Background
Health Care Workers' Mental Health During the First Weeks of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Switzerland—A Cross-Sectional Study
Weilenmann, S., Ernst, J., Petry, H., Pfaltz, M. C., Sazpinar, O., Gehrke, S., Paolercio, F., von Känel, R., & Spiller, T. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.594340 · Cited by 85 · cited 8×
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
Influential
COVID-19 and Mental Well-Being: Guidance on the Application of Behavioral and Positive Well-Being Strategies
Kanekar, A. S., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8030336 · Cited by 78
Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Among Health Care Workers, and How They Are Coping: A Web-Based, Cross-Sectional Study During the First Wave of COVID-19 in Pakistan
Salman, M., Mustafa, Z. U., Raza, M. H., Khan, T. M., Asif, N., Tahir, H., Shehzadi, N., Mallhi, T. H., Khan, Y. H., Sultana, K., et al. (2022) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2022.4 · Cited by 75
Evaluation of Depression and Anxiety Levels and Related Factors Among Operating Theater Workers During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
Köksal, E., Dost, B., Terzi, Ö., Üstün, Y. B., Özdin, S., & Bilgin, S. (2020) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2020.06.017 · Cited by 67 · cited 7×
“…NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Kaveh et al., 2020 [43] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Khanna et al., 2020 [59] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Koksal et al., 2020 [80] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Lai et al., 2020 [16] Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Li et al., 2020 [31] Y Y…”
BackgroundInfluential
The inevitability of Covid-19 related distress among healthcare workers: Findings from a low caseload country under lockdown
Hawari, F. I., Obeidat, N. A., Dodin, Y., Albtoosh, A. S., Manasrah, R. M., Alaqeel, I. O., & Mansour, A. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248741 · Cited by 61 · cited 9×
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluential
The psychological effects of COVID-19 on frontline healthcare workers and how they are coping: a web-based, cross-sectional study from PakistanPreprint
Salman, M., Raza, M. H., Mustafa, Z. U., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.20119867 · Cited by 53 · cited 9×
“, 2020 [65] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Shacham et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Mount Sinai's Center for Stress, Resilience and Personal Growth as a model for responding to the impact of COVID-19 on health care workers
DePierro, J. M., Katz, C. L., Marin, D. B., Feder, A., Bevilacqua, L. M., Sharma, V., Hurtado, A., Ripp, J., Lim, S., & Charney, D. S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113426 · Cited by 53
Comparative analysis of perceived stress in dermatologists and other physicians during national lock‐down and COVID ‐19 pandemic with exploration of possible risk factors: A web‐based cross‐sectional study from Eastern India
Podder, I., Agarwal, K., & Datta, S. (2020) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13788 · Cited by 52 · cited 7×
“…N Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Nair et al., 2020 [60] Y Y NR Y N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 7 Good Naser et al., 2020 [61] Y Y NR Y N Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Podder et al., 2020 [62] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Qi et al., 2020 [26] Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Que et al., 2020 [63] Y…”
BackgroundInfluential
Anxiety and Depression in Health Workers and General Population During COVID-19 Epidemic in IRAN: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Hassannia, L., Taghizadeh, F., Moosazadeh, M., Zarghami, M., Taghizadeh, H., Dooki, A. F., Fathi, M., Navaei, R., & Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.20089292 · Cited by 46 · cited 7×
“…(224) NA 41.2 (182) NA NA Guiroy et al., 2020 [36] 204 LatinAmerica ad 100.0 NA 96.6 PHQ c -9 ≥10 100(204) NA NA NA NA NA Guo et al., 2020 [23] 11,118 China 30.28 53.07 25.2 SAS r SDS z ≥50 ≥50 31.5 (3497) 17.5 (1940) NA NA NA 40.7 (4530) Hassannia et al., 2020 [55] 487 Iran 26.08 21.56 NA HADS k -”
BackgroundInfluential
COVID-19 Impact Among Spine Surgeons in Latin America
Guiroy, A. J., Gagliardi, M. J., Coombes, N., Landriel, F., Zanardi, C., Camino-Willhuber, G. O., Guyot, J. P., & Valacco, M. (2020) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/2192568220928032 · Cited by 39 · cited 9×
“…N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Du et al., 2020 [20] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Elbay et al., 2020 [54] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Guiroy et al., 2020 [36] Y Y N N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Guo et al., 2020 [23] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Hassannia et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Evaluation of Sleep Disturbances for Chinese Frontline Medical Workers under the Outbreak of COVID-19Preprint
Qi, J., Xu, J., Li, B., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.20031278 · Cited by 37 · cited 10×
“, 2020 [26] Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Que et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Nurses fighting against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong
Chan, S. (2003) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00209.x · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“The current meta-analysis found higher levels of anxiety and depression among nurses compared to doctors, which may be because nurses have closer and prolonged contact with patients compared to doctors [3,93].”
Background
The Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitudes, Depression and Anxiety Levels among Emergency Physicians during the COVID-19 Pandemic
ÇALIŞKAN, F., & Dost, B. (2020) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2020.16.0022 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“001 [16,47,48,59,73,74,80] Healthcare Professions Nurses 9 42.”
Background
Anxiety Levels Among Female Iranian Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Surge: A Cross-sectional Study
Kaveh, M., Davari-tanha, F., Varaei, S., Shirali, E., Shokouhi, N., Nazemi, P., Ghajarzadeh, M., Feizabad, E., & Ashraf, M. (2021) · Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Cancer Research · doi:10.30699/jogcr.7.2.69 · Cited by 32
Development of health care workers' mental health during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Switzerland: two cross-sectional studies
Spiller, T. R., Méan, M., Ernst, J., Sazpinar, O., Gehrke, S., Paolercio, F., Petry, H., Pfaltz, M. C., Morina, N., Aebischer, O., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003128 · Cited by 31
Anxiety levels among Iranian health care workers during the COVID-19 surge: A cross-sectional studyPreprint
Kaveh, M., Tanha, F. D., Varaei, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.20089045 · Cited by 30 · cited 9×
“0001 [6,16,23,24,27,28,30,34,35,43,48,49,54,55,57,61,65,68] CI = Confidence Interval; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SAS = Self-rating Anxiety Scale; Good quality score = 7–9; Medium Quality score = 4–6; I2 statistic indicates the heterogeneity.”
BackgroundInfluential
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms among medical rescue workers exposed to COVID ‐19 in Japan
Asaoka, H., Koido, Y., Kawashima, Y., Ikeda, M., Miyamoto, Y., & Nishi, D. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13092 · Cited by 30
Challenges of COVID-19 outbreak on the cruise ship Diamond Princess docked at Yokohama, Japan: a real-world story
Jimi, H., & Hashimoto, G. (2020) · Global Health & Medicine · doi:10.35772/ghm.2020.01038 · Cited by 29 · cited 2×
“The symptoms of PTSD were reported among Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) members, who were deployed to analyze, manage, and contain the transmission of COVID-19 on a Diamond Princess Cruise ship during the initial phases of the pandemic [11,12].”
Background
Health Care Workers’ Mental Health During the First Weeks of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Switzerland – A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Weilenmann, S., Ernst, J., Petry, H., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20088625 · Cited by 27
Anxiety and depression scores in maternity healthcare workers during the Covid‐19 pandemic
Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Mohan, S., Reagu, S. M., Farrell, T. J., Lindow, S. W., Hehir, M. P., & O’Connell, M. P. (2020) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.13279 · Cited by 27 · cited 8×
“, 2020 [50] Y Y N N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Dai et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Perceived Stress and Psychological (Dis)Stress among Indian Endodontists During COVID19 Pandemic Lock downPreprint
Anil, R. K., Karumaran, S., Kattula, D., Thavarajah, R., & Mohandoss, A. A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.20092601 · Cited by 16
Life history of aggression in Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) with extreme male–male combat
Liu, P., Hao, D.-J., Hu, W., Wei, J., & Wang, J.-J. (2020) · Bulletin of Entomological Research · doi:10.1017/s0007485320000413 · Cited by 15 · cited 7×
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluential
Stress, Burnout and Depression in Women in Healthcare during COVID-19 Pandemic: Rapid Scoping Review
Sriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A. C., Lupea, D., Ayala, A. P., Pang, H., & Lee, D. D. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.20151183 · Cited by 13
Predictors of Anxiety Regarding The COVID-19 Pandemic Among Health-care Workers in a Hospital Not Assigned to Manage COVID-19 Patients in NepalPreprint
Thapa, L., Ghimire, A., Ghimire, S., Sharma, N., Shrestha, S., Devkota, M., Bhattarai, S., Maharjan, A. M. S., Lohani, S., Phuyal, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.20148866 · Cited by 8 · cited 8×
“, 2020 [69] Y Y NR N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium Tu et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental health plan for workers of the London Nightingale Hospital: following the evidence to support staff
Greenberg, N. L., Cooke, J., Sullivan, E., & Tracy, D. K. (2020) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001624 · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“Positive traumatic growth (a positive approach to the management of complex traumas) among health care workers has gained special attention, and interventions to build this have been suggested [96,99,100].”
Background
Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes in Oman During COVID-19: Frontline vs Non-Frontline Healthcare WorkersPreprint
Alshekaili, M., Hassan, W., Said, N. A., Alsulimani, F., Jayapal, S. K., Al‐Mawali, A., Chan, M. F., Mahadevan, S. K., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3624265 · Cited by 6
The inevitability of Covid-19 related distress among healthcare workers: findings from a low caseload country under lockdown
Hawari, F. I., Obeidat, N. A., Dodin, Y. I., Albtoosh, A. S., Manasrah, R. M., Alaqeel, I. O., & Mansour, A. H. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.20130724 · Cited by 3

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Nair, A.K.R., Chellaswamy, K.S., Kattula, D., Thavarajah, R., and Mohandoss, A.A. (2020). Perceived stress and psychological distress among indian endodontists during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. MedRxiv.
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Sorted by citations

Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers
Alnazly, E. K., Khraisat, O. M. A., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247679 · Cited by 452
“[22] conducted a meta-analysis to provide new evidence related to COVID-19 impact on health-care workers’ psychological well-being.”
Method
Global prevalence of mental health problems among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Saragih, I. D., Tonapa, S. I., Saragih, I. S., Advani, S., Batubara, S. O., Suarilah, I., & Lin, C. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104002 · Cited by 427
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers During COVID-19
Ghahramani, S., Lankarani, K. B., Yousefi, M., Heydari, K., Shahabi, S., & Azmand, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.758849 · Cited by 293
Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma
Finstad, G. L., Giorgi, G., Lulli, L. G., Pandolfi, C., Foti, G., León-Perez, J. M., Cantero-Sánchez, F. J., & Mucci, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189453 · Cited by 273
“Indeed, health promotion and prevention strategies are essential to foster successful adaptation to challenging environmental conditions [4,5,83].”
BackgroundInfluential
Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries
Batra, K., Sharma, M., Batra, R., Singh, T. P., & Schvaneveldt, N. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020222 · Cited by 212
“Sources of Information A search strategy was adapted from previous reports [27].”
MethodInfluential

See all 343

Authors: Batra, K., Singh, T. P., Sharma, M., Batra, R., & Schvaneveldt, N.
Affiliations: University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
University of Utah (US)
Department of Information Technology and Testing Center of Excellence, Coforge, Atlanta, GA 30338, USA
Corresponding author: Batra, Kavita
ORCID: Batra, Kavita
Singh, Tejinder Pal
Sharma, Manoj
Batra, Ravi
Schvaneveldt, Nena
Venue: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-12-05
Volume: 17
Issue: 23
Pages: 9096
ISSN: 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239096
PMC: PMC7730003
OpenAlex: W3111432422
Cited by: 342
References: 107
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 73
FWCI: 5.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, psychological distress, burnout, nurses, gender differences, prevalence
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Pandemics

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Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis

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