“Virtual Surf Booth”: Assessment of a Novel Tool and Data Collection Process to Measure the Impact of a 6-Week Surf Programme on Mental Wellbeing
Open accessAbstract
Surf therapy is increasingly used as a health intervention, but evidence of its mental health benefits remains unclear. This longitudinal mixed-method study assessed the usability and acceptability of a novel online data collection tool and process to measure the impact of a surf programme on acute and chronic mental wellbeing. Fifteen women attending a 6-week surf programme in the UK were asked to complete a tool consisting of video recordings, word association and the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being scale (SWEMWBS). Usability and acceptability were assessed through focus groups and quantitative data. The data generated in the focus groups, video recordings and word association were analysed via reflexive thematic analysis, and SWEMWBS presented descriptively. Participants perceived the tool as easy to use due to the completion time and its functionalities, and useful for self-reflection. Facilitating conditions such as timing and location, areas for improvement such as increased privacy, accessibility, incentivisation, and factors impacting data generated were further identified. Data collected covered both acute and chronic mental wellbeing and showed a positive relationship between surf and mental wellbeing. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in diverse populations, identify potential moderators, and confirm the validity of this tool and process.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Gerami, et al. studied the effects of a 6-week surf therapy on acute and chronic mental wellbeing in women and reported a strong positive relationship between surfing and improved mental wellbeing.
“Gerami, et al. studied the effects of a 6-week surf therapy on acute and chronic mental wellbeing in women and reported a strong positive relationship between surfing and improved mental wellbeing.”
From The Groundswell Community Surf Therapy Intervention for At-Risk Women and Changes in Body Acceptance, Resilience, and Emotional Regulation (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The Abstract describes 15 women in a six-week surf programme and says the data showed a positive relationship between surfing and acute and chronic mental wellbeing. However, the Discussion says the quantitative results cannot establish that relationship or a causal effect; calling the reported relationship “strong” overstates the paper’s conclusion. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology
Davis, F. D. (1989) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249008 · Cited by 68,483 · see citing works
User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward A Unified View1
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30036540 · Cited by 45,035 · see citing works
On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 · Cited by 11,567 · cited 4× · see citing works
“There is no consensus yet about what constitutes mental wellbeing, how to best measure it and what theory should be the basis for policy making [14,15].”
BackgroundInfluentialToward a Conceptual Framework for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737011003255 · Cited by 5,687 · see citing works
Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2022.1.33.46 · Cited by 5,438 · see citing works
The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63 · Cited by 5,031 · see citing works
A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103572 · Cited by 3,422 · see citing works
Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing
Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092 · Cited by 3,217 · see citing works
Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0 · Cited by 3,149 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model
King, W. R., & He, J. (2006) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2006.05.003 · Cited by 2,906 · see citing works
McCambridge, J., Witton, J., & Elbourne, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.015 · Cited by 2,748 · see citing works
Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance
Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, A. M., de Vries, S., Triguero-Mas, M., Brauer, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., et al. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
Social Cognitive Theory and Individual Reactions to Computing Technology: A Longitudinal Study1
Compeau, D., Higgins, C. A., & Huff, S. L. (1999) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249749 · Cited by 2,534 · see citing works
Focus Groups in Social Research
Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., & Robson, K. (2001) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849209175 · Cited by 2,174 · see citing works
The Digital Divide as a Complex and Dynamic Phenomenon
van Dijk, J., & Hacker, K. (2003) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972240309487 · Cited by 1,616 · see citing works
Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1642 · Cited by 1,548 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A systematic review investigating the link between physical activity and cognitive and mental health in youth [7] did not find any strong evidence on the neurobiological or behavioural mechanisms.”
BackgroundMethodScheerder, A., van Deursen, A., & van Dijk, J. (2017) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007 · Cited by 1,471 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Gender, ethnicity, age, economic status, and cultural backgrounds have been identified as moderators in the use of and access to technology and perceived skills [28,29].”
BackgroundThe SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods
Lewis‐Beck, M. S., Bryman, A. E., & Liao, T. F. (2004) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412950589 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-15 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976 · Cited by 1,183 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These two constructs were used in meta-analyses measuring the relation between nature connectedness and wellbeing [19,20], and were hypothesised to be linked to physical activity engagement [7], suggesting this theory may be relevant in the present study as well.”
MethodThe SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods
Sloan, L., & Quan‐Haase, A. (2016) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473983847 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: a systematic review of quantitative studies
Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M. P., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Nature connectedness: Associations with well-being and mindfulness
Howell, A. J., Dopko, R. L., Passmore, H., & Buro, K. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Linton, M.-J., Dieppe, P., & Medina-Lara, A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010641 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Völker, S., & Kistemann, T. (2011) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.001 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Ng Fat, L., Scholes, S., Boniface, S., Mindell, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-016-1454-8 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
de Vries, R. E., van den Hooff, B., & de Ridder, J. A. (2006) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205285366 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Reflexivity: promoting rigour in qualitative research
Jootun, D., McGhee, G., Campus, H., Lanarkshire, & Marland, G. R. (2009) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns.23.23.42.s50 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Blue care: a systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing
Britton, E., Kindermann, G., Domegan, C., & Carlin, C. (2020) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/day103 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The Experience Sampling Method on Mobile Devices
van Berkel, N., Ferreira, D., & Kostakos, V. (2018) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3123988 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for use by National Governments
DOLAN, P., & METCALFE, R. (2012) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279411000833 · Cited by 404 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ideally, studies could develop a method to assess the participants’ momentary mood while minimizing these biases when participants complete a survey sometime after the experience [25].”
The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy
(2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.001.0001 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat
Rosenthal, R., & Fode, K. L. (2007) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830080302 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Georgiou, M., Morison, G., Smith, N., Tieges, Z., & CHASTIN, S. F. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052486 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Reflexivity: promoting rigour in qualitative research
Jootun, D., McGhee, G., & Marland, G. R. (2009) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2009.02.23.23.42.c6800 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Dockray, S., Grant, N., Stone, A. A., Kahneman, D. J., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9578-7 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Kelly, P., Fitzsimons, C. F., & Baker, G. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0351-4 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Unobtrusive Measures, Revised Edition
Webb, E., Campbell, D. A., Schwartz, R. M., et al. (2000) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452243443 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Making sense of social research: How useful is the Hawthorne Effect?
Chiesa, M., & Hobbs, S. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.401 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
‘Killing waves’: surfing, space and gender
Waitt, G. (2008) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649360701789600 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Taggart, F. M., Friede, T., Weich, S., Clarke, A., Johnson, M., & Stewart-Brown, S. L. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-27 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Women's recreational surfing: a patronising experience
Olive, R., McCuaig, L., & Phillips, M. G. (2013) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2012.754752 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health
Vohra, S., Orenstein, M., Viliani, F., et al. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198725916.001.0001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
An Overview of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being Concepts
Huta, V. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315714752-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sensing Water: Uncovering Health and Well-Being in the Sea and Surf
Britton, E., & Foley, R. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/0193723520928597 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
(2015) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Walter, K. H., Otis, N. P., Ray, T. N., Glassman, L. H., Michalewicz-Kragh, B., Powell, A. L., & Thomsen, C. J. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101551 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Determinants of multidimensional mental wellbeing in the oldest old: a rapid review
Cresswell‐Smith, J., Amaddeo, F., Donisi, V., Forsman, A. K., Kalseth, J., Martín‐María, N., Miret, M., & Walhbeck, K. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1633-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wheaton, B. (2002) · doi:10.4324/9781315012698-21 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Marshall, J., Kelly, P., & Niven, A. G. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16122159 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bluespace, Senses, Wellbeing, and Surfing: Prototype Cyborg Theory-Methods
lisahunter, L. H., & Stoodley, L. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/0193723520928593 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9485-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Feels Good to Get Wet”: The Unique Affordances of Surf Therapy Among Australian Youth
McKenzie, R. J., Chambers, T. P., Nicholson-Perry, K., Pilgrim, J., & Ward, P. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721238 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Does Physical Activity in Natural Outdoor Environments Improve Wellbeing? A Meta-Analysis
Kelley, C., Mack, D. E., & Wilson, P. M. (2022) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports10070103 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Glassman, L. H., Otis, N. P., Michalewicz-Kragh, B., & Walter, K. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094634 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Marshall, J., Kamuskay, S., Samai, M. M., Marah, I., Tonkara, F., Conteh, J., Keita, S., Jalloh, O., Missalie, M., Bangura, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126267 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Melin, J., Lundin, A., & Johansson, M. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.10.009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Wave Project: Evidencing Surf Therapy for Young People in the UK
Devine‐Wright, H., & Godfrey, C. (2020) · Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice · doi:10.17161/gjcpp.v11i2.20678 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [6]Benninger E. Curtis C. Sarkisian G.V. Rogers C.M. Bender K. Comer M. Surf therapy: A scoping review of the qualitative and quantitative research evidence Glob. J. Community Psychol. Pract. 2020 11 1 26
- [34]Ritchie J. Lewis J. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers Sage Publications London, UK 2003
- [35]Onwuegbuzie A.J. Teddlie C. A framework for analyzing data in mixed methods research Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research Tashakkori A. Teddlie C. Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA 2003 Volume 2 397 430
- [39]Johnson B. Turner L.A. Data collection strategies in mixed methods research Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research Tashakkori A. Teddlie C. Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA 2003 297 319
- [52]Morse J.M. Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research Tashakkori A. Teddlie C. Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA 2003 Volume 1 189 208
- [59]Pappas P.A. DePuy V. An overview of non-parametric tests in SAS®: When, why, and how Proceedings of the SouthEast SAS Users Group Conference (SESUG 2004) Nashville, TN, USA 31 October–2 November 2004 Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham, NC, USA 2004 1 5
- [69]Bryman A. Social Research Methods Oxford University Press Oxford, UK 2001
- [71]Creswell J.W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches 4th ed. SAGE Publications Thousand Oaks, CA, USA 2014
- [73]Webb E.J. Campbell D.T. Schwartz R.D. Sechrest L. Unobtrusive Measures 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA 1999
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Franceschi, L., Small, N., Goldsby, T., Goldsby, M., Padamada, S., Ziegler, M. G., & Mills, P. J. (2024) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130241278970 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“29 30-32 Emotional regulation, often called affective style, involves the ability to control or in fl uence one ’ s emotions, particularly during times of stressful occurrences; psychologists are examining emotion regulation strategies as a subdiscipline.”
Background
- Authors
- Gerami, A., Foster, C., & Murphy, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gerami, Ariane
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-12-13
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 16732
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9779844
- OpenAlex
- W4311479564
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol Grant Capture (13)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
- Keywords
- surf therapy, psychological well-being, usability and acceptability, video recording, word association, SWEMWBS, women, self-reflection, facilitating conditions
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Focus Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
