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Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics
Open accessAbstract
Melatonin has been speculated to be mainly synthesized by mitochondria. This speculation is supported by the recent discovery that aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase/serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT/SNAT) is localized in mitochondria of oocytes and the isolated mitochondria generate melatonin. We have also speculated that melatonin is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. It accumulates in mitochondria with high concentration against a concentration gradient. This is probably achieved by an active transportation via mitochondrial melatonin transporter(s). Melatonin protects mitochondria by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), and activating uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Thus, melatonin maintains the optimal mitochondrial membrane potential and preserves mitochondrial functions. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics is also regulated by melatonin. In most cases, melatonin reduces mitochondrial fission and elevates their fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics exhibit an oscillatory pattern which matches the melatonin circadian secretory rhythm in pinealeocytes and probably in other cells. Recently, melatonin has been found to promote mitophagy and improve homeostasis of mitochondria.
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“Recently obtained results indicate that mitochondria play an important role in the production, metabolism, and activity of melatonin (Tan et al. 2016; Tan and Reiter 2019).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Tan et al. 2016
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Mahmood, N. M. S., Mahmud, A. M. R., & Maulood, I. M. (2024) · Iraqi Journal of Science · doi:10.24996/ijs.2024.65.8.11 · Cited by 5
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Self-citationSulaiman, S. H., Omer, R. A., Barzani, K. I. S., Barzani, H. A. H., Ashfaq, M., Smerat, A., & Feizi‐Dehnayebi, M. (2026) · Chemical Physics Impact · doi:10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101054 · Cited by 6
Abdulrahim, H. A., Alagbonsi, A. I., Amuda, O., Omeiza, N. A., Feyitimi, A.-R. A., & Olayaki, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00095-9 · Cited by 5
Melatonin protects against defects induced by methoxychlor in porcine oocyte maturation
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Maiti, R., Mishra, A., Mishra, B. R., & Jena, M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06019-y · Cited by 5
Kostenko, E. V. (2017) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20171173156-64 · Cited by 5
Involvement of Melatonin in the Regulation of the Circadian System in Crayfish
Mendoza-Vargas, L., Bañuelos, E. G., Báez‐Saldaña, A., Galicia-Mendoza, F., Flores‐Soto, E., Fuentes‐Pardo, B., Alvarado, R., Valdés‐Tovar, M., Sommer, B., Benítez‐King, G., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19072147 · Cited by 5
Melatonin as mitochondria-targeted drug
Süzen, S., & Saso, L. (2023) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.03.006 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L., Qin, L., & Reiter, R.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tan, Dun-Xian
- Reiter, Russel
- ORCID
- Reiter, Russel
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-12-16
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2124
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5187924
- OpenAlex
- W2563008150
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 206
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 32
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- melatonin, mitochondrial targeting, mitochondrial protection, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial fission and fusion, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial permeability transition pore, uncoupling proteins, reactive oxygen species scavenging, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitophagy, acetyltransferase, oocytes, pinealocytes, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins, Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore, Animals, Antioxidants, Circadian Rhythm, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Melatonin, Mitochondria, Plants, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy
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