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Cited by 48Bacterial Infections and VaccinesBarrier Structure and Function StudiesEscherichia coli research studies

Virulence Factors of Meningitis-Causing Bacteria: Enabling Brain Entry across the Blood–Brain Barrier

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Herold, Rosanna, Schroten, Horst, Schwerk, Christian·2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms20215393PMC PMC6862235
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Abstract

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traversal of the barriers protecting the brain by pathogens is a prerequisite for the development of meningitis. Bacteria have developed a variety of different strategies to cross these barriers and reach the CNS. To this end, they use a variety of different virulence factors that enable them to attach to and traverse these barriers. These virulence factors mediate adhesion to and invasion into host cells, intracellular survival, induction of host cell signaling and inflammatory response, and affect barrier function. While some of these mechanisms differ, others are shared by multiple pathogens. Further understanding of these processes, with special emphasis on the difference between the blood–brain barrier and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as virulence factors used by the pathogens, is still needed.

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  • Detection of enteroviral RNA in the CSF is a direct indicator of CNS involvement.

    “The detection of enteroviral RNA in the CSF is therefore a direct indicator of CNS involvement (23–25).”

    From Pathogen detection in acellular cerebrospinal fluid: diagnostic insights from a pediatric cohort in Colombia (2026) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Introduction discusses diagnosing bacterial meningitis by the presence of bacteria in the CNS, but does not address enteroviruses. Searches for enteroviral RNA in CSF and for enterovirus-related diagnosis found no passage stating that its detection indicates CNS involvement. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Herold, R., Schroten, H., & Schwerk, C.
Affiliations
Heidelberg University (DE)
Corresponding author
Schwerk, Christian
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-10-29
Volume
20
Issue
21
Pages
5393
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms20215393
PMC
PMC6862235
OpenAlex
W2982456408
Cited by
48
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
FWCI
0.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • Universität Heidelberg
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
Keywords
meningitis, virulence factors, blood-brain barrier, blood-CSF barrier, bacterial adhesion, host cell invasion, intracellular survival, host cell signaling, inflammation, barrier function
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Central Nervous System, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Humans, Virulence, Signal Transduction, Meningitis, Bacterial, Virulence Factors

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