CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 428Bacterial Infections and VaccinesBarrier Structure and Function StudiesBurkholderia infections and melioidosis

Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion

Open access
Dando, Samantha J., Mackay-Sim, Alan, Norton, Robert, Currie, Bart J., St. John, James A., Ekberg, Jenny A. K., Batzloff, Michael, Ulett, Glen C. +1 more·2014·Clinical Microbiology Reviews
DOI 10.1128/cmr.00118-13PMC PMC4187632
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

SUMMARY: The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of producing an immune response against invading pathogens. Nonetheless, a range of pathogenic microbes make their way to the CNS, and the resulting infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, amoebae, fungi, and viruses are capable of CNS invasion, with the latter using axonal transport as a common route of infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens reach the CNS and infect the brain. In particular, we focus on recent data regarding mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the nasal mucosa to the brain, which represents a little explored pathway of bacterial invasion but has been proposed as being particularly important in explaining how infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei can result in melioidosis encephalomyelitis.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/cmr.00118-13

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • One key mechanism is thought to be the ability of certain pathogens to infect and survive in OECs, TgSCs and astrocytes, as well as in microglia.

    “Whilst it is largely unknown why certain infectious agents can infect the CNS via cranial nerves, one key mechanism is thought to be the ability of these pathogens to infect and survive in OECs, TgSCs and astrocytes, as well as in microglia (the main phagocytes inside CNS tissue)20,27,28,34,35.”

    From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [20]

    In “Pathogens That Enter the Brain Through the Nose: Bacteria” (p. 18), the review proposes that bacteria may travel along olfactory or trigeminal nerves within surrounding olfactory ensheathing cells or Schwann cells. Its Concluding Remarks (p. 22) say whether bacteria travel within the glia remains unanswered. The cited passages do not establish pathogen survival in those cells or identify infection and survival in astrocytes and microglia as part of this mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The nerves that extend between the nasal cavity and the brain, the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, have been shown to be a path for CNS infection by some infectious agents.

    “The nerves that extend between the nasal cavity and the brain, the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, have been shown to be a path for CNS infection by some infectious agents reviewed in20.”

    From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [20]

  • Certain other bacteria have been shown to very rapidly (within days) reach the CNS via the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerves.

    “Certain other bacteria, however, have been shown to very rapidly (within days) reach the CNS via the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerves reviewed in20.”

    From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [20]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 365

  1. [2]2. White K, Ostrowski K, Maloney S, Norton R. 2012. The utility of cerebrospinal fluid parameters in the early microbiological assessment of meningitis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 73: 27-30. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.010.
  2. [3]3. Cassady KA, Whitley RJ. 2004. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral infections of the central nervous system, p 58-60. In Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM (ed), Infections of the central nervous system, 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. [4]4. Denizot M, Neal JW, Gasque P. 2012. Encephalitis due to emerging viruses: CNS innate immunity and potential therapeutic targets. J. Infect. 65: 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.03.019. · DOI
  4. [6]6. Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D, Cunningham R, Zuckerman M, Mutton KJ, Solomon T, Ward KN, Lunn MP, Irani SR, Vincent A, Brown DW, Crowcroft NS. 2010. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10: 835844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70222-X. · DOI · Paper page
  5. [7]7. Glaser CA, Honarmand S, Anderson LJ, Schnurr DP, Forghani B, Cossen CK, Schuster FL, Christie LJ, Tureen JH. 2006. Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43: 1565-1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509330. · DOI
  6. [8]8. Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS, Jr, Swartz MN. 1993. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. N. Engl. J. Med. 328: 21-28. http://dx.doi.org /10.1056/NEJM199301073280104. · DOI · Paper page
  7. [9]9. Hussein AS, Shafran SD. 2000. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A 12-year review. Medicine (Baltimore, MD) 79: 360-368.
  8. [11]11. terial meningitis in adults. Neurocrit. Care 13: 199-204.http://dx.doi.org /10.1007/s12028-010-9396-4. · DOI
  9. [11]11. van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M. 2004. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 351: 1849-1859. http://dx.doi .org/10.1056/NEJMoa040845. · DOI · Paper page
  10. [14]14. Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, Zell ER, Lynfield R, Hadler JL, Harrison LH, Farley MM, Reingold A, Bennett NM, Craig AS, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Lewis MM, Scallan E, Schuchat A. 2011. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. N. Engl. J. Med. 364: 2016-2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1005384. · DOI
  11. [15]15. Okike IO, Ribeiro S, Ramsay ME, Heath PT, Sharland M, Ladhani SN. 2014. Trends in bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal meningitis in England and Wales 2004-11: an observational study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 14: 301-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70332-3. · DOI · Paper page
  12. [16]16. Taylor WR, Nguyen K, Nguyen D, Nguyen H, Horby P, Nguyen HL, Lien T, Tran G, Tran N, Nguyen HM, Nguyen T, Nguyen HH, Farrar J, de Jong M, Schultsz C, Tran H, Vu B, Le H, Dao T, Wertheim H. 2012. The spectrum of central nervous system infections in an adult referral hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. PLoS One 7: e42099. http://dx.doi .org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042099. · DOI
  13. [18]18. Ting PL, Norton R. 2013. Central nervous system tuberculosis: a disease from Papua New Guinea in North Queensland. J. Paediatr. Child Health 49: E193-E198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12107. · DOI
  14. [19]19. Jain SK, Ordonez A, Kinikar A, Gupte N, Thakar M, Mave V, Jubulis J, Dharmshale S, Desai S, Hatolkar S, Kagal A, Lalvani A, Gupta A, Bharadwaj R. 2013. Pediatric tuberculosis in young children in India: a prospective study. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013: 783698. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1155/2013/783698.
  15. [20]20. Kim KS, Itabashi H, Gemski P, Sadoff J, Warren RL, Cross AS. 1992. The K1 capsule is the critical determinant in the development of Escherichia coli meningitis in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 897-905. http://dx.doi .org/10.1172/JCI115965. · DOI
  16. [21]21. Brandt CT, Holm D, Liptrot M, Ostergaard C, Lundgren JD, FrimodtMoller N, Skovsted IC, Rowland IJ. 2008. Impact of bacteremia on the pathogenesis of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 197: 235-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524874. · DOI
  17. [24]24. Ostergaard C, Konradsen HB, Samuelsson S. 2005. Clinical presentation and prognostic factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis according to the focus of infection. BMC Infect. Dis. 5: 93. http://dx.doi.org /10.1186/1471-2334-5-93. · DOI
  18. [25]25. Seib KL, Serruto D, Oriente F, Delany I, Adu-Bobie J, Veggi D, Arico B, Rappuoli R, Pizza M. 2009. Factor H-binding protein is important for meningococcal survival in human whole blood and serum and in the presence of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Infect. Immun. 77: 292-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01071-08. · DOI
  19. [26]26. Echenique-Rivera H, Muzzi A, Del Tordello E, Seib KL, Francois P, Rappuoli R, Pizza M, Serruto D. 2011. Transcriptome analysis of Neisseria meningitidis in human whole blood and mutagenesis studies identify virulence factors involved in blood survival. PLoS Pathog. 7: e1002027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002027. · DOI
  20. [27]27. Ren B, Li J, Genschmer K, Hollingshead SK, Briles DE. 2012. The absence of PspA or presence of antibody to PspA facilitates the complement-dependent phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro . Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 19: 1574-1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00393-12. · DOI
  21. [28]28. Hyams C, Trzcinski K, Camberlein E, Weinberger DM, Chimalapati S, Noursadeghi M, Lipsitch M, Brown JS. 2013. Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular serotype invasiveness correlates with the degree of factor H binding and opsonization with C3b/iC3b. Infect. Immun. 81: 354-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00862-12. · DOI
  22. [29]29. Harvey RM, Ogunniyi AD, Chen AY, Paton JC. 2011. Pneumolysin with low hemolytic activity confers an early growth advantage to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the blood. Infect. Immun. 79: 4122-4130. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05418-11. · DOI
  23. [30]30. Clark SE, Snow J, Li J, Zola TA, Weiser JN. 2012. Phosphorylcholine allows for evasion of bactericidal antibody by Haemophilus influenzae . PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat .1002521. · DOI
  24. [32]32. Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, Beall BW, Bennett NM, Craig AS, Farley MM, Jorgensen JH, Lexau CA, Petit S, Reingold A, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Whitney CG, Harrison LH. 2009. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 360: 244-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800836. · DOI · Paper page
  25. [34]34. Oftadeh S, Gidding HF, Gilbert GL. 2013. Laboratory surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, before and after introduction of 7-valent conjugate vaccine: reduced disease, but not antibiotic resistance rates. Epidemiol. Infect. 141: 1797-1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095026881200218X. · DOI
  26. [35]35. Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MP, George RC. 2011. Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11: 760-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /S1473-3099(11)70090-1.
  27. [36]36. Skoczynska A, Wasko I, Kuch A, Kadlubowski M, Golebiewska A, Forys M, Markowska M, Ronkiewicz P, Wasiak K, Kozinska A, Matynia B, Hryniewicz W. 2013. A decade of invasive meningococcal disease surveillance in Poland. PLoS One 8: e71943. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1371/journal.pone.0071943.
  28. [37]37. Collard JM, Issaka B, Zaneidou M, Hugonnet S, Nicolas P, Taha MK, Greenwood B, Jusot JF. 2013. Epidemiological changes in meningococcal meningitis in Niger from 2008 to 2011 and the impact of vaccination. BMCInfect. Dis. 13: 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-576. · DOI
  29. [38]38. Brandtzaeg P, van Deuren M. 2012. Classification and pathogenesis of meningococcal infections, p 21-35. In Christodoulides M (ed), Neisseria meningitidis : advanced methods and protocols, vol 799. Humana Press, New York, NY.
  30. [41]41. Galloway Y, Stehr-Green P, McNicholas A, O'Hallahan J. 2009. Use of an observational cohort study to estimate the effectiveness of the New Zealand group B meningococcal vaccine in children aged under 5 years. Int. J. Epidemiol. 38: 413-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn228. · DOI
  31. [42]42. Amaya-Villar R, Garcia-Cabrera E, Sulleiro-Igual E, FernandezViladrich P, Fontanals-Aymerich D, Catalan-Alonso P, RodrigoGonzalo de Liria C, Coloma-Conde A, Grill-Diaz F, Guerrero-Espejo A, Pachon J, Prats-Pastor G. 2010. Three-year multicenter surveillance of community-acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults. BMCInfect. Dis. 10: 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-324. · DOI
  32. [43]43. Brouwer MC, van de Beek D, Heckenberg SG, Spanjaard L, de Gans J. 2006. Community-acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43: 1233-1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508462. · DOI
  33. [44]44. Lorber B. 2007. Community-acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44: 765-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086 /511695.
  34. [19]19. changing epidemiology of serious bacterial infections in young infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 33: 595-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF .0000000000000225. · DOI
  35. [46]46. Gaschignard J, Levy C, Romain O, Cohen R, Bingen E, Aujard Y, Boileau P. 2011. Neonatal bacterial meningitis: 444 cases in 7 years. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 30: 212-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF .0b013e3181fab1e7. · DOI
  36. [47]47. Costerus JM, van de Beek D, Brouwer MC. 2012. Nosocomial meningitis caused by gas producing Klebsiella pneumoniae . BMJ Case Rep. 2012: bcr1120115137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.11.2011.5137. · DOI
  37. [48]48. Wu YM, Hsu PC, Yang CC, Chang HJ, Ye JJ, Huang CT, Lee MH. 2013. Serratia marcescens meningitis: epidemiology, prognostic factors and treatment outcomes. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 46: 259-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2012.07.006. · DOI
  38. [51]51. Donald PR, Schaaf HS, Schoeman JF. 2005. Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: the Rich focus revisited. J. Infect. 50: 193-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.02.010. · DOI
  39. [53]53. Quist-Paulsen E, Kran AM, Dunlop O, Wilson J, Ormaasen V. 2013. Infectious encephalitis: a description of a Norwegian cohort. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 45: 179-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2012 .719634. · DOI
  40. [55]55. Fox A, Hung TM, Wertheim H, Hoa le NM, Vincent A, Lang B, Waters P, Ha NH, Trung NV, Farrar J, Van Kinh N, Horby P. 2013. Acute measles encephalitis in partially vaccinated adults. PLoS One 8: e71671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071671. · DOI
  41. [56]56. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN. 2000. Neurological melioidosis. Acta Trop. 74: 145-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001 -706X(99)00064-9. · DOI
  42. [57]57. Currie BJ, Ward L, Cheng AC. 2010. The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: 540 cases from the 20 year Darwin prospective study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4: e900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal .pntd.0000900. · DOI
  43. [58]58. Koszyca B, Currie BJ, Blumbergs PC. 2004. The neuropathology of melioidosis: two cases and a review of the literature. Clin. Neuropathol. 23: 195-203.
  44. [59]59. Woods ML, 2nd, Currie BJ, Howard DM, Tierney A, Watson A, Anstey NM, Philpott J, Asche V, Withnall K. 1992. Neurological melioidosis: seven cases from the Northern Territory of Australia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15: 163-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/15.1.163. · DOI
  45. [60]60. Bartley PP, Pender MP, Woods ML, 2nd, Walker D, Douglas JA, Allworth AM, Eisen DP, Currie BJ. 1999. Spinal cord disease due to melioidosis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 93: 175-176. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90299-7. · DOI
  46. [61]61. Maguire GP, Flavell HD, Burrow JN, Currie BJ. 1998. Relapsing neurological melioidosis from the top end of the Northern Territory. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 28: 219-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994 .1998.tb02978.x. · DOI
  47. [63]63. Chadwick DR, Ang B, Sitoh YY, Lee CC. 2002. Cerebral melioidosis in Singapore: a review of five cases. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96: 7276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90248-8. · DOI
  48. [64]64. Vestal ML, Wong EB, Milner DA, Jr, Gormley WB, Dunn IF. 2013. Cerebral melioidosis for the first time in the western hemisphere. J. Neurosurg. 119: 1591-1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.5.JNS12555. · DOI
  49. [65]65. Mathisen GE, Johnson JP. 1997. Brain abscess. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25: 763779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/515541. · DOI
  50. [67]67. Brouwer MC, Coutinho JM, van de Beek D. 2014. Clinical characteristics andoutcomeofbrainabscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 82: 806-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000172. · DOI
  51. [68]68. Prasad KN, Mishra AM, Gupta D, Husain N, Husain M, Gupta RK. 2006. Analysis of microbial etiology and mortality in patients with brain abscess. J. Infect. 53: 221-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2005.12 .002. · DOI
  52. [71]71. Walter BA, Valera VA, Takahashi S, Ushiki T. 2006. The olfactory route for cerebrospinal fluid drainage into the peripheral lymphatic system. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 32: 388-396. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00737.x.
  53. [72]72. Johnston M, Zakharov A, Papaiconomou C, Salmasi G, Armstrong D. 2004. Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 1: 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186 /1743-8454-1-2.
  54. [73]73. Wagshul ME, Johnston M. 2013. The brain and the lymphatic system, p 143-164. In Santambrogio L (ed), Immunology of the lymphatic system. Springer, New York, NY.
  55. [74]74. Abbott NJ. 2013. Blood-brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 36: 437-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-013-9608-0. · DOI
  56. [75]75. Abbott NJ, Patabendige AA, Dolman DE, Yusof SR, Begley DJ. 2010. Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol. Dis. 37: 13-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030. · DOI · Paper page
  57. [76]76. Engelhardt B, Sorokin L. 2009. The blood-brain and the bloodcerebrospinal fluid barriers: function and dysfunction. Semin. Immunopathol. 31: 497-511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-009-0177-0. · DOI
  58. [77]77. Geier EG, Chen EC, Webb A, Papp AC, Yee SW, Sadee W, Giacomini KM. 2013. Profiling solute carrier transporters in the human bloodbrain barrier. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 94: 636-639. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1038/clpt.2013.175.
  59. [78]78. Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Katsukura Y, Ikeda C, Suzuki T, Kamiie J, Terasaki T. 2011. Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics of human blood-brain barrier transporters and receptors. J. Neurochem. 117: 333345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07208.x. · DOI · Paper page
  60. [79]79. Shawahna R, Uchida Y, Decleves X, Ohtsuki S, Yousif S, Dauchy S, Jacob A, Chassoux F, Daumas-Duport C, Couraud PO, Terasaki T, Scherrmann JM. 2011. Transcriptomic and quantitative proteomic analysis of transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes in freshly isolated human brain microvessels. Mol. Pharm. 8: 1332-1341. http://dx.doi .org/10.1021/mp200129p. · DOI · Paper page
  61. [80]80. Redzic Z. 2011. Molecular biology of the blood-brain and the bloodcerebrospinal fluid barriers: similarities and differences. Fluids Barriers CNS 8: 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-8118-8-3. · DOI
  62. [81]81. Ajami B, Bennett JL, Krieger C, Tetzlaff W, Rossi FM. 2007. Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life. Nat. Neurosci. 10: 1538-1543.http://dx.doi.org/10 .1038/nn2014.
  63. [82]82. Ajami B, Bennett JL, Krieger C, McNagny KM, Rossi FM. 2011. Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool. Nat. Neurosci. 14: 1142-1149. http://dx.doi .org/10.1038/nn.2887. · DOI · Paper page
  64. [85]85. Prodinger C, Bunse J, Kruger M, Schiefenhovel F, Brandt C, Laman JD, Greter M, Immig K, Heppner F, Becher B, Bechmann I. 2011. - CD11c-expressing cells reside in the juxtavascular parenchyma and extend processes into the glia limitans of the mouse nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 121: 445-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401 -010-0774-y. · DOI
  65. [86]86. Bulloch K, Miller MM, Gal-Toth J, Milner TA, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Waters EM, Kaunzner UW, Liu K, Lindquist R, Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM, McEwen BS. 2008. CD11c/EYFP transgene illuminates a discrete network of dendritic cells within the embryonic, neonatal, adult, and injured mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 508: 687-710. http://dx.doi .org/10.1002/cne.21668. · DOI
  66. [87]87. Matyszak MK, Perry VH. 1996. The potential role of dendritic cells in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system. Neuroscience 74: 599-608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(96)00160-1. · DOI
  67. [88]88. Anandasabapathy N, Victora GD, Meredith M, Feder R, Dong B, Kluger C, Yao K, Dustin ML, Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM, Liu K. 2011. Flt3L controls the development of radiosensitive dendritic cells in the meninges and choroid plexus of the steady-state mouse brain. J. Exp. Med. 208: 1695-1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20102657. · DOI
  68. [89]89. Ransohoff RM, Engelhardt B. 2012. The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12: 623-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3265. · DOI
  69. [90]90. Kivisakk P, Mahad DJ, Callahan MK, Trebst C, Tucky B, Wei T, Wu L, Baekkevold ES, Lassmann H, Staugaitis SM, Campbell JJ, Ransohoff RM. 2003. Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4 + T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via Pselectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100: 8389-8394. http://dx.doi.org /10.1073/pnas.1433000100. · DOI
  70. [91]91. Kivisakk P, Imitola J, Rasmussen S, Elyaman W, Zhu B, Ransohoff RM, Khoury SJ. 2009. Localizing central nervous system immune surveillance: meningeal antigen-presenting cells activate T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann. Neurol. 65: 457-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21379. · DOI
  71. [92]92. Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM. 2012. Capture, crawl, cross: the T cell code to breach the blood-brain barriers. Trends Immunol. 33: 579-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2012.07.004. · DOI · Paper page
  72. [93]93. Vandenbroucke RE, Dejonckheere E, Van Lint P, Demeestere D, Van Wonterghem E, Vanlaere I, Puimege L, Van Hauwermeiren F, De Rycke R, Mc Guire C, Campestre C, Lopez-Otin C, Matthys P, Leclercq G, Libert C. 2012. Matrix metalloprotease 8-dependent extracellular matrix cleavage at the blood-CSF barrier contributes to lethality during systemic inflammatory diseases. J. Neurosci. 32: 9805-9816. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0967-12.2012. · DOI
  73. [94]94. Barichello T, Fagundes GD, Generoso JS, Paula Moreira A, Costa CS, Zanatta JR, Simoes LR, Petronilho F, Dal-Pizzol F, Carvalho Vilela M, Lucio Teixeira A. 2012. Brain-blood barrier breakdown and proinflammatory mediators in neonate rats submitted meningitis by Streptococcus pneumoniae . Brain Res. 1471: 162-168. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.brainres.2012.06.054.
  74. [95]95. Braun J. 2009. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates hippocampal caspase-3 activation in pneumococcal meningitis. Int. J. Neurosci. 119: 455-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450802479970. · DOI
  75. [96]96. Schmidt H, Tlustochowska A, Stuertz K, Djukic M, Gerber J, Schutz E, Kuhnt U, Nau R. 2001. Organotypic hippocampal cultures. A model of brain tissue damage in Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 113: 30-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00402-1. · DOI
  76. [97]97. Zysk G, Schneider-Wald BK, Hwang JH, Bejo L, Kim KS, Mitchell TJ, Hakenbeck R, Heinz HP. 2001. Pneumolysin is the main inducer of cytotoxicity to brain microvascular endothelial cells caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae . Infect. Immun. 69: 845-852. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1128/IAI.69.2.845-852.2001.
  77. [98]98. Braun JS, Sublett JE, Freyer D, Mitchell TJ, Cleveland JL, Tuomanen EI, Weber JR. 2002. Pneumococcal pneumolysin and H(2)O(2) mediate brain cell apoptosis during meningitis. J. Clin. Invest. 109: 19-27. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI12035. · DOI
  78. [99]99. Grandgirard D, Gaumann R, Coulibaly B, Dangy JP, Sie A, Junghanss T, Schudel H, Pluschke G, Leib SL. 2013. The causative pathogen determines the inflammatory profile in cerebrospinal fluid and outcome in patients with bacterial meningitis. Mediators Inflamm. 2013: 312476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/312476. · DOI
  79. [100]100. Gerber J, Nau R. 2010. Mechanisms of injury in bacterial meningitis. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 23: 312-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO .0b013e32833950dd. · DOI
  80. [101]101. Kristensson K. 2011. Microbes' roadmap to neurons. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12: 345-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3029. · DOI
  81. [102]102. Parkkinen J, Korhonen TK, Pere A, Hacker J, Soinila S. 1988. Binding sites in the rat brain for Escherichia coli S fimbriae associated with neonatal meningitis. J. Clin. Invest. 81: 860-865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172 /JCI113395.
  82. [103]103. Zelmer A, Bowen M, Jokilammi A, Finne J, Luzio JP, Taylor PW. 2008. Differential expression of the polysialyl capsule during blood-to-brain transit of neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1. Microbiology 154: 25222532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2008/017988-0. · DOI
  83. [104]104. Iovino F, Orihuela CJ, Moorlag HE, Molema G, Bijlsma JJ. 2013. Interactions between blood-borne Streptococcus pneumoniae and the blood-brain barrier preceding meningitis. PLoS One 8: e68408. http://dx .doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068408. · DOI
  84. [105]105. Owen SJ, Batzloff M, Chehrehasa F, Meedeniya A, Casart Y, Logue CA, Hirst RG, Peak IR, Mackay-Sim A, Beacham IR. 2009. Nasalassociated lymphoid tissue and olfactory epithelium as portals of entry for Burkholderia pseudomallei in murine melioidosis. J. Infect. Dis. 199: 1761-1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/599210. · DOI
  85. [106]106. Antal EA, Loberg EM, Bracht P, Melby KK, Maehlen J. 2001. Evidence for intraaxonal spread of Listeria monocytogenes from the periphery to the central nervous system. Brain Pathol. 11: 432-438. http://dx.doi.org /10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00411.x. · DOI
  86. [107]107. Hupp S, Heimeroth V, Wippel C, Fortsch C, Ma J, Mitchell TJ, Iliev AI. 2012. Astrocytic tissue remodeling by the meningitis neurotoxin pneumolysin facilitates pathogen tissue penetration and produces interstitial brain edema. Glia 60: 137-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia .21256. · DOI
  87. [108]108. Galdiero M, D'Amico M, Gorga F, Di Filippo C, D'Isanto M, Vitiello M, Longanella A, Tortora A. 2001. Haemophilus influenzae porin contributes to signaling of the inflammatory cascade in rat brain. Infect. Immun. 69: 221-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.1.221-227.2001. · DOI
  88. [110]110. Mittal R, Prasadarao NV. 2011. gp96 expression in neutrophils is critical for the onset of Escherichia coli K1 (RS218) meningitis. Nat. Commun. 2: 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1554. · DOI
  89. [111]111. Reiss A, Braun JS, Jager K, Freyer D, Laube G, Buhrer C, FelderhoffMuser U, Stadelmann C, Nizet V, Weber JR. 2011. Bacterial poreforming cytolysins induce neuronal damage in a rat model of neonatal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 203: 393-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis /jiq047. · DOI
  90. [112]112. Strand AD, Aragaki AK, Baquet ZC, Hodges A, Cunningham P, Holmans P, Jones KR, Jones L, Kooperberg C, Olson JM. 2007. Conservation of regional gene expression in mouse and human brain. PLoS Genet. 3: e59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030059. · DOI
  91. [114]114. Janssen SF, van der Spek SJ, Ten Brink JB, Essing AH, Gorgels TG, van der Spek PJ, Jansonius NM, Bergen AA. 2013. Gene expression and functional annotation of the human and mouse choroid plexus epithelium. PLoS One 8: e83345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal .pone.0083345. · DOI
  92. [115]115. Hagan CE, Bolon B, Keene CD. 2012. Nervous system, p 339-393. In Treuting PM, Dintzis S, Liggitt D, Frevert CW (ed), Comparative anatomy and histology: a mouse and human atlas. Elsevier, San Diego, CA.
  93. [116]116. Oberheim NA, Takano T, Han X, He W, Lin JH, Wang F, Xu Q, Wyatt JD, Pilcher W, Ojemann JG, Ransom BR, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M. 2009. Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 29: 3276-3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4707-08 .2009. · DOI
  94. [117]117. Chi F, Wang L, Zheng X, Wu CH, Jong A, Sheard MA, Shi W, Huang SH. 2011. Meningitic Escherichia coli K1 penetration and neutrophil transmigration across the blood-brain barrier are modulated by alpha7 nicotinic receptor. PLoS One 6: e25016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371 /journal.pone.0025016.
  95. [19]19. man blood-brain barrier as a pathogenic mechanism for central nervous system tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 193: 1287-1295. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1086/502631.
  96. [119]119. Salmeri M, Motta C, Anfuso CD, Amodeo A, Scalia M, Toscano MA, Alberghina M, Lupo G. 2013. VEGF receptor-1 involvement in pericyte loss induced by Escherichia coli in an in vitro modelofbloodbrainbarrier. Cell. Microbiol. 15: 1367-1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12121. · DOI
  97. [120]120. Lyck R, Ruderisch N, Moll AG, Steiner O, Cohen CD, Engelhardt B, Makrides V, Verrey F. 2009. Culture-induced changes in blood-brain barrier transcriptome: implications for amino-acid transporters in vivo . J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 29: 1491-1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038 /jcbfm.2009.72.
  98. [121]121. Urich E, Lazic SE, Molnos J, Wells I, Freskgard PO. 2012. Transcriptional profiling of human brain endothelial cells reveals key properties crucial for predictive in vitro blood-brain barrier models. PLoS One 7: e38149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038149. · DOI
  99. [122]122. Mikaty G, Soyer M, Mairey E, Henry N, Dyer D, Forest KT, Morand P, Guadagnini S, Prevost MC, Nassif X, Dumenil G. 2009. Extracellular bacterial pathogen induces host cell surface reorganization to resist shear stress. PLoS Pathog. 5: e1000314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat .1000314. · DOI
  100. [123]123. Brissac T, Mikaty G, Dumenil G, Coureuil M, Nassif X. 2012. The meningococcal minor pilin PilX is responsible for type IV pilus conformational changes associated with signaling to endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 80: 3297-3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00369-12. · DOI
  101. [124]124. Mairey E, Genovesio A, Donnadieu E, Bernard C, Jaubert F, Pinard E, Seylaz J, Olivo-Marin JC, Nassif X, Dumenil G. 2006. Cerebral microcirculation shear stress levels determine Neisseria meningitidis attachment sites along the blood-brain barrier. J. Exp. Med. 203: 1939-1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20060482. · DOI
  102. [125]125. Hellinger E, Veszelka S, Toth AE, Walter F, Kittel A, Bakk ML, Tihanyi K, Hada V, Nakagawa S, Duy TD, Niwa M, Deli MA, Vastag M. 2012. Comparison of brain capillary endothelial cell-based and epithelial (MDCK-MDR1, Caco-2, and VB-Caco-2) cell-based surrogate blood-brain barrier penetration models. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 82: 340-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.07.020. · DOI
  103. [126]126. Weksler BB, Subileau EA, Perriere N, Charneau P, Holloway K, Leveque M, Tricoire-Leignel H, Nicotra A, Bourdoulous S, Turowski P, Male DK, Roux F, Greenwood J, Romero IA, Couraud PO. 2005. Blood-brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line. FASEB J. 19: 1872-1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.04 -3458fje. · DOI
  104. [127]127. Kusch-Poddar M, Drewe J, Fux I, Gutmann H. 2005. Evaluation of the immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell line BB19 as a human cell culture model for the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 1064: 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.014. · DOI
  105. [128]128. Sano Y, Shimizu F, Abe M, Maeda T, Kashiwamura Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Obinata M, Kajiwara K, Fujii M, Suzuki M, Kanda T. 2010. Establishment of a new conditionally immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell line retaining an in vivo blood-brain barrier function. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 519-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp .22232. · DOI
  106. [129]129. Eigenmann DE, Xue G, Kim KS, Moses AV, Hamburger M, Oufir M. 2013. Comparative study of four immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines, hCMEC/D3, hBMEC, TY10, and BB19, and optimization of culture conditions, for an in vitro blood-brain barrier model for drug permeability studies. Fluids Barriers CNS 10: 33. http://dx.doi .org/10.1186/2045-8118-10-33. · DOI
  107. [130]130. Daneman R, Zhou L, Kebede AA, Barres BA. 2010. Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis. Nature 468: 562-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09513. · DOI · Paper page
  108. [131]131. Bell RD, Winkler EA, Sagare AP, Singh I, LaRue B, Deane R, Zlokovic BV. 2010. Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging. Neuron 68: 409427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.043. · DOI · Paper page
  109. [132]132. Armulik A, Genove G, Mae M, Nisancioglu MH, Wallgard E, Niaudet C, He L, Norlin J, Lindblom P, Strittmatter K, Johansson BR, Betsholtz C. 2010. Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier. Nature 468: 557-561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09522. · DOI · Paper page
  110. [133]133. Lee SW, Kim WJ, Choi YK, Song HS, Son MJ, Gelman IH, Kim YJ, Kim KW. 2003. SSeCKS regulates angiogenesis and tight junction formation in blood-brain barrier. Nat. Med. 9: 900-906. http://dx.doi.org /10.1038/nm889. · DOI
  111. [134]134. Siddharthan V, Kim YV, Liu S, Kim KS. 2007. Human astrocytes/ astrocyte-conditioned medium and shear stress enhance the barrier properties of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res. 1147: 39-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.029. · DOI
  112. [135]135. Ezan P, Andre P, Cisternino S, Saubamea B, Boulay AC, Doutremer S, Thomas MA, Quenech'du N, Giaume C, Cohen-Salmon M. 2012. Deletion of astroglial connexins weakens the blood-brain barrier. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 32: 1457-1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038 /jcbfm.2012.45.
  113. [136]136. Nuriya M, Shinotsuka T, Yasui M. 2013. Diffusion properties of molecules at the blood-brain interface: potential contributions of astrocyte endfeet to diffusion barrier functions. Cereb. Cortex 23: 2118-2126. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs198. · DOI
  114. [137]137. Zehendner CM, White R, Hedrich J, Luhmann HJ. 2014. A neurovascular blood-brain barrier in vitro model. Methods Mol. Biol. 1135: 403413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7\_33. · DOI
  115. [138]138. Hatherell K, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Pilkington GJ. 2011. Development of a three-dimensional, all-human in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier using mono-, co-, and tri-cultivation Transwell models. J. Neurosci. Methods 199: 223-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .jneumeth.2011.05.012. · DOI
  116. [139]139. Nakagawa S, Deli MA, Kawaguchi H, Shimizudani T, Shimono T, Kittel A, Tanaka K, Niwa M. 2009. A new blood-brain barrier model using primary rat brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Neurochem. Int. 54: 253-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12 .002. · DOI
  117. [140]140. Schwerk C, Papandreou T, Schuhmann D, Nickol L, Borkowski J, Steinmann U, Quednau N, Stump C, Weiss C, Berger J, Wolburg H, Claus H, Vogel U, Ishikawa H, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H. 2012. Polar invasion and translocation of Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus suis in a novel human model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. PLoS One 7: e30069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030069. · DOI
  118. [141]141. Schroten M, Hanisch FG, Quednau N, Stump C, Riebe R, Lenk M, Wolburg H, Tenenbaum T, Schwerk C. 2012. A novel porcine in vitro model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier with strong barrier function. PLoS One 7: e39835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal .pone.0039835. · DOI
  119. [142]142. Tuomanen E. 1996. Entry of pathogens into the central nervous system. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 18: 289-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574 -6976.1996.tb00245.x. · DOI
  120. [144]144. Smith AL. 1987. Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6: 783-786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454 -198708000-00037. · DOI
  121. [145]145. Daum RS, Scheifele DW, Syriopoulou VP, Averill D, Smith AL. 1978. Ventricular involvement in experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. J. Pediatr. 93: 927-930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /S0022-3476(78)81213-X.
  122. [146]146. Williams AE, Blakemore WF. 1990. Pathogenesis of meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis type 2. J. Infect. Dis. 162: 474-481. http://dx.doi.org /10.1093/infdis/162.2.474. · DOI
  123. [147]147. Pron B, Taha MK, Rambaud C, Fournet JC, Pattey N, Monnet JP, Musilek M, Beretti JL, Nassif X. 1997. Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with the components of the blood-brain barrier correlates with an increased expression of PilC. J. Infect. Dis. 176: 1285-1292. http://dx.doi .org/10.1086/514124. · DOI
  124. [148]148. Guarner J, Greer PW, Whitney A, Shieh WJ, Fischer M, White EH, Carlone GM, Stephens DS, Popovic T, Zaki SR. 2004. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of human meningococcal disease using immunohistochemical and PCR assays. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 122: 754-764. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1309/3489075U03LMK9AE.
  125. [19]19. Laminin receptor initiates bacterial contact with the blood brain barrier in experimental meningitis models. J. Clin. Invest. 119: 1638-1646. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI36759. · DOI · Paper page
  126. [152]152. Abouseada NM, Assafi MS, Mahdavi J, Oldfield NJ, Wheldon LM, Wooldridge KG, Ala'Aldeen DA. 2012. Mapping the laminin receptor binding domains of Neisseria meningitidis PorA and Haemophilus influenzae OmpP2. PLoS One 7: e46233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal .pone.0046233. · DOI
  127. [153]153. Nelson J, McFerran NV, Pivato G, Chambers E, Doherty C, Steele D, Timson DJ. 2008. The 67 kDa laminin receptor: structure, function and role in disease. Biosci. Rep. 28: 33-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042 /BSR20070004.
  128. [154]154. Khan NA, Kim Y, Shin S, Kim KS. 2007. FimH-mediated Escherichia coli K1invasionofhumanbrainmicrovascularendothelialcells.Cell.Microbiol. 9: 169-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00779.x. · DOI
  129. [155]155. Sa E Cunha C, Griffiths NJ, Virji M. 2010. Neisseria meningitidis Opc invasin binds to the sulphated tyrosines of activated vitronectin to attach to and invade human brain endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog. 6: e1000911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000911. · DOI
  130. [156]156. Tenenbaum T, Bloier C, Adam R, Reinscheid DJ, Schroten H. 2005. Adherence to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells are promoted by fibrinogen-binding protein FbsA of Streptococcus agalactiae . Infect. Immun. 73: 4404-4409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI .73.7.4404-4409.2005. · DOI
  131. [157]157. Chang YC, Wang Z, Flax LA, Xu D, Esko JD, Nizet V, Baron MJ. 2011. Glycosaminoglycan binding facilitates entry of a bacterial pathogen into central nervous systems. PLoS Pathog. 7: e1002082. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1371/journal.ppat.1002082.
  132. [158]158. Be NA, Bishai WR, Jain SK. 2012. Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pknD in the pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis. BMC Microbiol. 12: 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-7. · DOI
  133. [159]159. Tenenbaum T, Spellerberg B, Adam R, Vogel M, Kim KS, Schroten H. 2007. Streptococcus agalactiae invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells is promoted by the laminin-binding protein Lmb. Microbes Infect. 9: 714-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2007.02 .015. · DOI
  134. [160]160. Cabanes D, Sousa S, Cebria A, Lecuit M, Garcia-del Portillo F, Cossart P. 2005. gp96 is a receptor for a novel Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor, Vip, a surface protein. EMBO J. 24: 2827-2838. http://dx.doi.org /10.1038/sj.emboj.7600750. · DOI
  135. [161]161. Prasadarao NV. 2002. Identification of Escherichia coli outer membrane protein A receptor on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 70: 4556-4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.70.8.4556 -4563.2002. · DOI
  136. [162]162. Prasadarao NV, Srivastava PK, Rudrabhatla RS, Kim KS, Huang SH, Sukumaran SK. 2003. Cloning and expression of the Escherichia coli K1 outer membrane protein A receptor, a gp96 homologue. Infect. Immun. 71: 1680-1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.4.1680-1688.2003. · DOI
  137. [163]163. Stins MF, Badger J, Sik Kim K. 2001. Bacterial invasion and transcytosis in transfected human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 30: 19-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpat.2000.0406. · DOI
  138. [165]165. Kim KJ, Elliott SJ, Di Cello F, Stins MF, Kim KS. 2003. The K1 capsule modulates trafficking of E. coli -containing vacuoles and enhances intracellular bacterial survival in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell. Microbiol. 5: 245-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-5822 .2003.t01-1-00271.x. · DOI
  139. [166]166. Reddy MA, Wass CA, Kim KS, Schlaepfer DD, Prasadarao NV. 2000. Involvement of focal adhesion kinase in Escherichia coli invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 68: 64236430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.11.6423-6430.2000. · DOI
  140. [167]167. Reddy MA, Prasadarao NV, Wass CA, Kim KS. 2000. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and interaction with focal adhesion kinase in Escherichia coli K1 invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 36769-36774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc .M007382200. · DOI
  141. [168]168. Liu W, Zhao WD, Yan JC, Ren ZY, Fang WG, Zhu L, Shang DS, Chen YH. 2010. Involvement of Src tyrosine kinase in Escherichia coli invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. FEBS Lett. 584: 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.090. · DOI
  142. [169]169. Sukumaran SK, Prasadarao NV. 2002. Regulation of protein kinase C in Escherichia coli K1 invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 12253-12262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc .M110740200. · DOI
  143. [170]170. Sukumaran SK, Quon MJ, Prasadarao NV. 2002. Escherichia coli K1 internalization via caveolae requires caveolin-1 and protein kinase Calpha interaction in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 50716-50724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M208830200. · DOI
  144. [171]171. Khan NA, Wang Y, Kim KJ, Chung JW, Wass CA, Kim KS. 2002. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 contributes to Escherichia coli K1invasion of the central nervous system. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 15607-15612. http://dx .doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112224200. · DOI
  145. [172]172. Khan NA, Shin S, Chung JW, Kim KJ, Elliott S, Wang Y, Kim KS. 2003. Outer membrane protein A and cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 use diverse signaling mechanisms for Escherichia coli K1 invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 35: 35-42. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0882-4010(03)00090-1. · DOI
  146. [173]173. Maruvada R, Kim KS. 2011. Extracellular loops of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein A contribute to the pathogenesis of meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 203: 131-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiq009. · DOI
  147. [174]174. Teng CH, Tseng YT, Maruvada R, Pearce D, Xie Y, Paul-Satyaseela M, Kim KS. 2010. NlpI contributes to Escherichia coli K1 strain RS218 interaction with human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 78: 3090-3096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00034-10. · DOI
  148. [175]175. Das A, Asatryan L, Reddy MA, Wass CA, Stins MF, Joshi S, Bonventre JV, Kim KS. 2001. Differential role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in the invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells by Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes . J. Infect. Dis. 184: 732-737. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1086/322986.
  149. [176]176. Zhu L, Maruvada R, Sapirstein A, Malik KU, Peters-Golden M, Kim KS. 2010. Arachidonic acid metabolism regulates Escherichia coli penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Infect. Immun. 78: 4302-4310. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00624-10. · DOI
  150. [177]177. Zhu L, Pearce D, Kim KS. 2010. Prevention of Escherichia coli K1 penetration of the blood-brain barrier by counteracting the host cell receptor and signaling molecule involved in E. coli invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 78: 3554-3559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00336-10. · DOI
  151. [178]178. Maruvada R, Kim KS. 2012. IbeA and OmpA of Escherichia coli K1 exploit Rac1 activation for invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 80: 2035-2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128 /IAI.06320-11.
  152. [179]179. Cruz-Migoni A, Hautbergue GM, Artymiuk PJ, Baker PJ, BokoriBrown M, Chang CT, Dickman MJ, Essex-Lopresti A, Harding SV, Mahadi NM, Marshall LE, Mobbs GW, Mohamed R, Nathan S, Ngugi SA, Ong C, Ooi WF, Partridge LJ, Phillips HL, Raih MF, Ruzheinikov S, Sarkar-Tyson M, Sedelnikova SE, Smither SJ, Tan P, Titball RW, Wilson SA, Rice DW. 2011. A Burkholderia pseudomallei toxin inhibits helicase activity of translation factor eIF4A. Science 334: 821-824. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211915. · DOI
  153. [180]180. Kallstrom H, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jonsson AB. 1997. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46) is a cellular pilus receptor for pathogenic Neisseria . Mol. Microbiol. 25: 639-647. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4841857.x.
  154. [181]181. Kirchner M, Meyer TF. 2005. The PilC adhesin of the Neisseria type IV pilus-binding specificities and new insights into the nature of the host cell receptor. Mol. Microbiol. 56: 945-957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365 -2958.2005.04600.x. · DOI
  155. [182]182. Jen FE, Warren MJ, Schulz BL, Power PM, Swords WE, Weiser JN, Apicella MA, Edwards JL, Jennings MP. 2013. Dual pili posttranslational modifications synergize to mediate meningococcal adherence to platelet activating factor receptor on human airway cells. PLoS Pathog. 9: e1003377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003377. · DOI
  156. [183]183. Virji M, Kayhty H, Ferguson DJ, Alexandrescu C, Heckels JE, Moxon ER. 1991. The role of pili in the interactions of pathogenic Neisseria with cultured human endothelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 5: 1831-1841. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00807.x. · DOI
  157. [184]184. Virji M, Makepeace K, Ferguson DJ, Achtman M, Moxon ER. 1993. Meningococcal Opa and Opc proteins: their role in colonization and invasion of human epithelial and endothelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 10: 499-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00922.x. · DOI
  158. [18]18. microvascular endothelial cells. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296: 553-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.06.006. · DOI
  159. [187]187. Coureuil M, Lecuyer H, Scott MG, Boularan C, Enslen H, Soyer M, Mikaty G, Bourdoulous S, Nassif X, Marullo S. 2010. Meningococcus hijacks a beta2-adrenoceptor/beta-arrestin pathway to cross brain microvasculature endothelium. Cell 143: 1149-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.cell.2010.11.035.
  160. [188]188. Hoffmann I, Eugene E, Nassif X, Couraud PO, Bourdoulous S. 2001. Activation of ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase supports invasion of endothelial cells by Neisseria meningitidis . J. Cell Biol. 155: 133-143. http://dx .doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200106148. · DOI
  161. [189]189. Merz AJ, Enns CA, So M. 1999. Type IV pili of pathogenic Neisseriae elicit cortical plaque formation in epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 32: 1316-1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01459.x. · DOI
  162. [190]190. Lambotin M, Hoffmann I, Laran-Chich MP, Nassif X, Couraud PO, Bourdoulous S. 2005. Invasion of endothelial cells by Neisseria meningitidis requires cortactin recruitment by a phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ Rac1 signalling pathway triggered by the lipo-oligosaccharide. J. Cell Sci. 118: 3805-3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02514. · DOI
  163. [191]191. Unkmeir A, Latsch K, Dietrich G, Wintermeyer E, Schinke B, Schwender S, Kim KS, Eigenthaler M, Frosch M. 2002. Fibronectin mediates Opc-dependent internalization of Neisseria meningitidis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 46: 933-946. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03222.x. · DOI
  164. [192]192. Sokolova O, Heppel N, Jagerhuber R, Kim KS, Frosch M, Eigenthaler M, Schubert-Unkmeir A. 2004. Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: role of MAPand tyrosine kinases in invasion and inflammatory cytokine release. Cell. Microbiol. 6: 1153-1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822 .2004.00422.x. · DOI
  165. [194]194. Banerjee A, Van Sorge NM, Sheen TR, Uchiyama S, Mitchell TJ, Doran KS. 2010.Activationofbrainendotheliumbypneumococcalneuraminidase NanA promotes bacterial internalization. Cell. Microbiol. 12: 1576-1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01490.x. · DOI
  166. [195]195. Uchiyama S, Carlin AF, Khosravi A, Weiman S, Banerjee A, Quach D, Hightower G, Mitchell TJ, Doran KS, Nizet V. 2009. The surfaceanchored NanA protein promotes pneumococcal brain endothelial cell invasion. J. Exp. Med. 206: 1845-1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem .20090386. · DOI
  167. [196]196. Cundell DR, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Idanpaan-Heikkila I, Tuomanen EI. 1995. Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor. Nature 377: 435-438. http://dx .doi.org/10.1038/377435a0. · DOI
  168. [197]197. Radin JN, Orihuela CJ, Murti G, Guglielmo C, Murray PJ, Tuomanen EI. 2005. Beta-arrestin 1 participates in platelet-activating factor receptor-mediated endocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae . Infect. Immun. 73: 7827-7835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.12.7827-7835.2005. · DOI
  169. [198]198. Tazi A, Disson O, Bellais S, Bouaboud A, Dmytruk N, Dramsi S, Mistou MY, Khun H, Mechler C, Tardieux I, Trieu-Cuot P, Lecuit M, Poyart C. 2010. The surface protein HvgA mediates group B streptococcus hypervirulence and meningeal tropism in neonates. J. Exp. Med. 207: 2313-2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20092594. · DOI
  170. [199]199. Mu R, Kim BJ, Paco C, Del Rosario Y, Courtney HS, Doran KS. 2014. Identification of a group B streptococcal fibronectin binding protein, SfbA, that contributes to invasion of brain endothelium and the development of meningitis. Infect. Immun. 82: 2276-2286. http://dx.doi.org /10.1128/IAI.01559-13. · DOI
  171. [200]200. Seo HS, Minasov G, Seepersaud R, Doran KS, Dubrovska I, Shuvalova L, Anderson WF, Iverson TM, Sullam PM. 2013. Characterization of fibrinogen binding by glycoproteins Srr1 and Srr2 of Streptococcus agalactiae . J. Biol. Chem. 288: 35982-35996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc .M113.513358. · DOI
  172. [201]201. Seo HS, Mu R, Kim BJ, Doran KS, Sullam PM. 2012. Binding of glycoprotein Srr1 of Streptococcus agalactiae to fibrinogen promotes attachment to brain endothelium and the development of meningitis. - PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat .1002947. · DOI
  173. [203]203. Quach D, van Sorge NM, Kristian SA, Bryan JD, Shelver DW, Doran KS. 2009. The CiaR response regulator in group B streptococcus promotes intracellular survival and resistance to innate immune defenses. J. Bacteriol. 191: 2023-2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01216-08. · DOI
  174. [204]204. Shin S, Paul-Satyaseela M, Lee JS, Romer LH, Kim KS. 2006. Focal adhesion kinase is involved in type III group B streptococcal invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 41: 168173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2006.07.003. · DOI
  175. [205]205. Shin S, Kim KS. 2006. RhoA and Rac1 contribute to type III group B streptococcal invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 345: 538-542. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.130.
  176. [206]206. Maruvada R, Zhu L, Pearce D, Sapirstein A, Kim KS. 2011. Host cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha contributes to group B streptococcus penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Infect. Immun. 79: 4088-4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05506-11. · DOI
  177. [207]207. Charland N, Nizet V, Rubens CE, Kim KS, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. 2000. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 68: 637-643. http://dx.doi.org /10.1128/IAI.68.2.637-643.2000. · DOI
  178. [208]208. Vanier G, Segura M, Friedl P, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. 2004. Invasion of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells by Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Infect. Immun. 72: 1441-1449. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1128/IAI.72.3.1441-1449.2004.
  179. [210]210. Vanier G, Fittipaldi N, Slater JD, de la Cruz Dominguez-Punaro M, Rycroft AN, Segura M, Maskell DJ, Gottschalk M. 2009. New putative virulence factors of Streptococcus suis involved in invasion of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 46: 13-20. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2008.10.003. · DOI
  180. [211]211. Tenenbaum T, Papandreou T, Gellrich D, Friedrichs U, Seibt A, Adam R, Wewer C, Galla HJ, Schwerk C, Schroten H. 2009. Polar bacterial invasion and translocation of Streptococcus suis across the bloodcerebrospinal fluid barrier in vitro . Cell. Microbiol. 11: 323-336. http://dx .doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01255.x. · DOI
  181. [215]215. Greiffenberg L, Goebel W, Kim KS, Daniels J, Kuhn M. 2000. Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: an electron microscopic study. Infect. Immun. 68: 32753279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.6.3275-3279.2000. · DOI
  182. [216]216. Koopmans MM, Brouwer MC, Bijlsma MW, Bovenkerk S, Keijzers W, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. 2013. Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 6 and increased rate of unfavorable outcome in meningitis: epidemiologic cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 57: 247-253. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1093/cid/cit250.
  183. [217]217. Pilatz S, Breitbach K, Hein N, Fehlhaber B, Schulze J, Brenneke B, Eberl L, Steinmetz I. 2006. Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei genes required for the intracellular life cycle and in vivo virulence. Infect. Immun. 74: 3576-3586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01262-05. · DOI
  184. [218]218. Stevens MP, Wood MW, Taylor LA, Monaghan P, Hawes P, Jones PW, Wallis TS, Galyov EE. 2002. An Inv/Mxi-Spa-like type III protein secretion system in Burkholderia pseudomallei modulates intracellular behaviour of the pathogen. Mol. Microbiol. 46: 649-659. http://dx.doi .org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03190.x. · DOI
  185. [219]219. Muangsombut V, Suparak S, Pumirat P, Damnin S, Vattanaviboon P, - Thongboonkerd V, Korbsrisate S. 2008. Inactivation of Burkholderia pseudomallei bsaQ results in decreased invasion efficiency and delayed escape of bacteria from endocytic vesicles. Arch. Microbiol. 190: 623631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-008-0413-3. · DOI
  186. [220]220. Suparak S, Kespichayawattana W, Haque A, Easton A, Damnin S, Lertmemongkolchai G, Bancroft GJ, Korbsrisate S. 2005. Multinucleated giant cell formation and apoptosis in infected host cells is mediated by Burkholderia pseudomallei type III secretion protein BipB. J. Bacteriol. 187: 6556-6560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.18.6556-6560.2005. · DOI
  187. [221]221. Stevens MP, Friebel A, Taylor LA, Wood MW, Brown PJ, Hardt WD, Galyov EE. 2003. A Burkholderia pseudomallei type III secreted protein, BopE, facilitates bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and exhibits guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. J. Bacteriol. 185: 4992-4996. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.185.16.4992-4996.2003. · DOI
  188. [222]222. Cullinane M, Gong L, Li X, Lazar-Adler N, Tra T, Wolvetang E, Prescott M, Boyce JD, Devenish RJ, Adler B. 2008. Stimulation of autophagy suppresses the intracellular survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in mammalian cell lines. Autophagy 4: 744-753. http://dx.doi .org/10.4161/auto.6246. · DOI
  189. [223]223. Stevens MP, Stevens JM, Jeng RL, Taylor LA, Wood MW, Hawes P, Monaghan P, Welch MD, Galyov EE. 2005. Identification of a bacterial factor required for actin-based motility of Burkholderia pseudomallei . Mol. Microbiol. 56: 40-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004 .04528.x. · DOI
  190. [224]224. Sitthidet C, Korbsrisate S, Layton AN, Field TR, Stevens MP, Stevens JM. 2011. Identification of motifs of Burkholderia pseudomallei BimA required for intracellular motility, actin binding, and actin polymerization. J. Bacteriol. 193: 1901-1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB .01455-10. · DOI
  191. [225]225. Horton RE, Grant GD, Matthews B, Batzloff M, Owen SJ, Kyan S, Flegg CP, Clark AM, Ulett GC, Morrison N, Peak IR, Beacham IR. 2013. Quorum sensing negatively regulates multinucleate cell formation during intracellular growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei in macrophagelike cells. PLoS One 8: e63394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone .0063394. · DOI
  192. [226]226. French CT, Toesca IJ, Wu TH, Teslaa T, Beaty SM, Wong W, Liu M, Schroder I, Chiou PY, Teitell MA, Miller JF. 2011. Dissection of the Burkholderia intracellular life cycle using a photothermal nanoblade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108: 12095-12100. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1073/pnas.1107183108.
  193. [227]227. Toesca IJ, French CT, Miller JF. 2014. The type VI secretion system spike protein VgrG5 mediates membrane fusion during intercellular spread by pseudomallei group Burkholderia species. Infect. Immun. 82: 1436-1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01367-13. · DOI
  194. [228]228. Sitthidet C, Stevens JM, Chantratita N, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, Korbsrisate S, Stevens MP. 2008. Prevalence and sequence diversity of a factor required for actin-based motility in natural populations of Burkholderia species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 2418-2422. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1128/JCM.00368-08.
  195. [229]229. Sarovich DS, Price EP, Webb JR, Ward LM, Voutsinos MY, Tuanyok A, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Currie BJ. 2014. Variable virulence factors in Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) associated with human disease. PLoS One 9: e91682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091682. · DOI
  196. [230]230. Greiffenberg L, Sokolovic Z, Schnittler HJ, Spory A, Bockmann R, Goebel W, Kuhn M. 1997. Listeria monocytogenes -infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells: internalin-independent invasion, intracellular growth, movement, and host cell responses. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 157: 163-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12768.x. · DOI
  197. [231]231. Hertzig T, Weber M, Greiffenberg L, Holthausen BS, Goebel W, Kim KS, Kuhn M. 2003. Antibodies present in normal human serum inhibit invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes . Infect. Immun. 71: 95-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128 /IAI.71.1.95-100.2003.
  198. [232]232. Grundler T, Quednau N, Stump C, Orian-Rousseau V, Ishikawa H, Wolburg H, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T, Schwerk C. 2013. The surface proteins InlA and InlB are interdependently required for polar basolateral invasion by Listeria monocytogenes in a human model of the bloodcerebrospinal fluid barrier. Microbes Infect. 15: 291-301. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.micinf.2012.12.005. · DOI
  199. [233]233. Wang L, Lin M. 2008. A novel cell wall-anchored peptidoglycan hydrolase (autolysin), IspC, essential for Listeria monocytogenes virulence: genetic and proteomic analysis. Microbiology 154: 1900-1913. http://dx .doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2007/015172-0. · DOI
  200. [234]234. Menozzi FD, Reddy VM, Cayet D, Raze D, Debrie AS, Dehouck MP, Cecchelli R, Locht C. 2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) triggers receptor-mediated transcytosis without altering the integrity of tight junctions. Microbes Infect. 8: 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.03.023. · DOI

200 of 365 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dando, S. J., Mackay-Sim, A., Norton, R., Currie, B. J., St. John, J. A., Ekberg, J. A. K., Batzloff, M., Ulett, G. C., & Beacham, I. R.
Affiliations
  • Griffith University (AU)
  • Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • Townsville Hospital (AU)
  • Menzies School of Health Research (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Published
2014-10
Volume
27
Issue
4
Pages
691-726
ISSN
  • 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-6618
DOI
10.1128/cmr.00118-13
PMC
PMC4187632
OpenAlex
W2070759951
Cited by
428
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13
FWCI
2.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Burkholderia infections and melioidosis
Keywords
central nervous system infection, bacterial translocation, blood-brain barrier, blood-CSF barrier, Burkholderia pseudomallei, nasal mucosa, axonal transport, neuroinvasion, pathogenic bacteria
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Central Nervous System Infections, Humans, Immunologic Surveillance, Nasal Cavity, Olfactory Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review