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Cited by 303Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchPharmacological Receptor Mechanisms and Effects

The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases

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Lowe, Henry, Toyang, Ngeh, Steele, Blair, Bryant, Joseph, Ngwa, Wilfred·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms22179472PMC PMC8430969
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Abstract

The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input and output in living, biological systems. In addition to regulating physiological processes, the ECS directly influences anxiety, feeding behaviour/appetite, emotional behaviour, depression, nervous functions, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, reward, cognition, learning, memory, pain sensation, fertility, pregnancy, and pre-and post-natal development. The ECS is also involved in several pathophysiological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the ECS has gained significant interest in medicine, research, and drug discovery and development. The distribution of the components of the ECS system throughout the body, and the physiological/pathophysiological role of the ECS-signalling pathways in many diseases, all offer promising opportunities for the development of novel cannabinergic, cannabimimetic, and cannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs that genetically or pharmacologically modulate the ECS via inhibition of metabolic pathways and/or agonism or antagonism of the receptors of the ECS. This modulation results in the differential expression/activity of the components of the ECS that may be beneficial in the treatment of a number of diseases. This manuscript in-depth review will investigate the potential of the ECS in the treatment of various diseases, and to put forth the suggestion that many of these secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. (hereafter referred to as “C. sativa L.” or “medical cannabis”), may also have potential as lead compounds in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals for a variety of diseases.

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  • Growing evidence indicates that dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to brain dysfunction, psychopathology, neurodevelopmental problems, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroinflammation.

    “Growing evidence indicates that dysregulation of ECS may contribute to brain dysfunction, psychopathology, neurodevelopmental problems, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, among other physiological functions [9, 10].”

    From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Introduction (§1.1; page unavailable) links the ECS to nervous function, neurogenesis, pre- and post-natal development, and neuropsychological and neurodegenerative diseases. The Neurological/Neurodegenerative Diseases section (§3; page unavailable) also implicates the ECS in neurological pathology and describes cannabinoid modulation of neuroinflammation. The paper does not establish that ECS dysregulation contributes to every listed outcome, particularly neurodevelopmental problems or neuroinflammation. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lowe, H., Toyang, N., Steele, B., Bryant, J., & Ngwa, W.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
  • University of the West Indies (JM)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Steele, Blair
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-08-31
Volume
22
Issue
17
Pages
9472
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms22179472
PMC
PMC8430969
OpenAlex
W3196785030
Cited by
303
References
19
Citations by year
2026: 45 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 17
FWCI
6.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pharmacological Receptor Mechanisms and Effects
Keywords
endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid receptors, medical cannabis, Cannabis sativa, drug discovery, homeostasis, neuroprotection, pain sensation, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, depression, appetite regulation
MeSH terms
Anxiety, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cardiovascular Diseases, Depression, Feeding Behavior, Homeostasis, Humans, Pain, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Receptors, Cannabinoid, Neurogenesis, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Endocannabinoids

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