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Cited by 109Coenzyme Q10 studies and effectsMitochondrial Function and PathologyAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress

The Roles of Coenzyme Q in Disease: Direct and Indirect Involvement in Cellular Functions

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Pallotti, Francesco, Bergamini, Christian, Lamperti, Costanza, Fato, Romana·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms23010128PMC PMC8745647
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Abstract

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a key component of the respiratory chain of all eukaryotic cells. Its function is closely related to mitochondrial respiration, where it acts as an electron transporter. However, the cellular functions of coenzyme Q are multiple: it is present in all cell membranes, limiting the toxic effect of free radicals, it is a component of LDL, it is involved in the aging process, and its deficiency is linked to several diseases. Recently, it has been proposed that coenzyme Q contributes to suppressing ferroptosis, a type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation. In this review, we report the latest hypotheses and theories analyzing the multiple functions of coenzyme Q. The complete knowledge of the various cellular CoQ functions is essential to provide a rational basis for its possible therapeutic use, not only in diseases characterized by primary CoQ deficiency, but also in large number of diseases in which its secondary deficiency has been found.

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  • Decreased CoQ10 levels disturb mitochondrial electron transport, resulting in limited ATP synthase activity and impaired energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction.

    “Decreased CoQ10 levels are considered to disturb the mitochondrial electron transport, resulting in a limited adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity and thus leading to an impaired energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction.(16,18,19)”

    From Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on myopathy in statin-treated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [16]

    Section 2.1 (page unavailable) explains that CoQ carries electrons in the respiratory chain and that electron transfer generates the force used to synthesize ATP. Section 2.2 reports reduced respiratory-chain activity after CoQ10 depletion. The paper does not establish reduced ATP synthase activity specifically, and its Conclusions note that the causal direction between CoQ deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction can be unclear. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is essential for the endogenous synthesis of CoQ10.

    “This isoprenoid is essential for the endogenous synthesis of CoQ10.(15)”

    From Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on myopathy in statin-treated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [15]

    Section 2 (Ubiquinone/Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis; page unavailable) says the isoprenoid chain is synthesized through the mevalonate pathway and identifies farnesyl pyrophosphate as a precursor of CoQ. It does not identify geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or say that it is essential for endogenous CoQ10 synthesis (searched: “geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate” and “geranylgeranyl”). (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Statin intake can lead to reduced CoQ10 levels.

    “As CoQ10 is only supplied in small quantities with food and is predominantly synthesised endogenously,(16,17) statin intake can lead to reduced CoQ10 levels.(17)”

    From Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on myopathy in statin-treated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [16]

  • CoQ10 has structural and antioxidant properties and plays a central role as an electron transporter in the respiratory chain of mitochondria.

    “In physiological conditions, CoQ10 has structural and antioxidant properties and plays a central role as an electron transporter in the respiratory chain of mitochondria.(16)”

    From Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on myopathy in statin-treated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [16]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pallotti, F., Bergamini, C., Lamperti, C., & Fato, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Insubria (IT)
  • University of Bologna (IT)
  • Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IT)
Corresponding author
  • Pallotti, Francesco
  • Bergamini, Christian
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-12-23
Volume
23
Issue
1
Pages
128
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms23010128
PMC
PMC8745647
OpenAlex
W4200403055
Cited by
109
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 7
FWCI
1.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Ministero della Salute
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Coenzyme Q10 studies and effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Keywords
coenzyme Q10, mitochondrial respiration, electron transport chain, electron transport, ferroptosis, lipid peroxidation, free radicals, aging, low-density lipoprotein, disease, therapeutic applications
MeSH terms
Animals, Ataxia, Cell Membrane, Humans, Mitochondria, Ubiquinone, Lipid Peroxidation, Muscle Weakness, Cell Respiration, Mitochondrial Diseases

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