Cited by 49Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

Metabolic Effects of Ketogenic Diets: Exploring Whole-Body Metabolism in Connection with Adipose Tissue and Other Metabolic Organs

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Ahmad, Yusra, Seo, Dong Soo, Jang, Younghoon·2024·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Abstract

The ketogenic diet (KD) is characterized by minimal carbohydrate, moderate protein, and high fat intake, leading to ketosis. It is recognized for its efficiency in weight loss, metabolic health improvement, and various therapeutic interventions. The KD enhances glucose and lipid metabolism, reducing triglycerides and total cholesterol while increasing high-density lipoprotein levels and alleviating dyslipidemia. It significantly influences adipose tissue hormones, key contributors to systemic metabolism. Brown adipose tissue, essential for thermogenesis and lipid combustion, encounters modified UCP1 levels due to dietary factors, including the KD. UCP1 generates heat by uncoupling electron transport during ATP synthesis. Browning of the white adipose tissue elevates UCP1 levels in both white and brown adipose tissues, a phenomenon encouraged by the KD. Ketone oxidation depletes intermediates in the Krebs cycle, requiring anaplerotic substances, including glucose, glycogen, or amino acids, for metabolic efficiency. Methylation is essential in adipogenesis and the body's dietary responses, with DNA methylation of several genes linked to weight loss and ketosis. The KD stimulates FGF21, influencing metabolic stability via the UCP1 pathways. The KD induces a reduction in muscle mass, potentially involving anti-lipolytic effects and attenuating proteolysis in skeletal muscles. Additionally, the KD contributes to neuroprotection, possesses anti-inflammatory properties, and alters epigenetics. This review encapsulates the metabolic effects and signaling induced by the KD in adipose tissue and major metabolic organs.

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  1. [3]Masood W. Annamaraju P. Khan Suheb M.Z. Uppaluri K.R. Ketogenic Diet StatPearls StatPearlsl Treasure Island, FL, USA 2024 29763005

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Authors
Ahmad, Y., Seo, D. S., & Jang, Y.
Affiliations
Changwon National University (KR)
Corresponding author
Jang, Younghoon
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-06-27
Volume
25
Issue
13
Pages
7076
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4400080612
Cited by
49
References
155
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 4
FWCI
2.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Korean government (Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning) and the Ministry of Education (NRF2022R1A2C1003656, NRF2022R1A6A3A01085801, 2021R1A4A1029238, 2023R1A6C101B022)
  • Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) (NRF2022R1A2C1003656, NRF2022R1A6A3A01085801, 2021R1A4A1029238, 2023R1A6C101B022)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords
ketogenic diet, ketosis, adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, UCP1, white adipose tissue browning, ketone oxidation, Krebs cycle intermediates, DNA methylation, adipogenesis, FGF21, muscle mass, lipolysis, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, epigenetics, dyslipidemia, weight loss
MeSH terms
Uncoupling Protein 1, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Thermogenesis, Lipid Metabolism, Diet, Ketogenic

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