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Cited by 6Birth, Development, and HealthTelomeres, Telomerase, and SenescenceEpigenetics and DNA Methylation

Maternal Lifestyle During Pregnancy and Its Influence on Offspring’s Telomere Length

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Vakonaki, Elena, Vitiadou, Maria Theodora, Panteris, Eleftherios, Tzatzarakis, Manolis, Tsatsakis, Aristides, Hatzidaki, Eleftheria·2025·Life
DOI 10.3390/life15081250PMC PMC12387188
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Abstract

Telomeres are protective DNA sequences located at chromosome ends, essential to maintaining genomic stability. This narrative review examines how maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy influence fetal telomere length (TL). Positive associations have been identified between offspring’s TL and maternal consumption of nutrients such as vitamins C and D, folate, and magnesium. Additionally, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity during pregnancy are correlated with increased placental TL, supporting fetal genomic integrity. Conversely, maternal dietary patterns high in carbohydrates, fats, or alcohol, as well as exposure to triclosan and sleep-disordered breathing, negatively correlate with offspring’s TL. Maternal infections may also shorten TL through heightened inflammation and oxidative stress. However, evidence regarding the impact of other lifestyle factors—including maternal stress, smoking, caffeine intake, polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption, obesity, and sleep quality—remains inconsistent. Given that shorter telomere length has been associated with cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as certain types of cancer, these findings highlight the vital importance of maternal health during pregnancy in order to prevent potential adverse effects on the fetus. Further studies are required to elucidate the precise timing, intensity, and interplay of these influences, enabling targeted prenatal interventions to enhance offspring health outcomes.

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  • Maternal stress, smoking, air pollution and heavy-metal exposure during pregnancy are associated with shorter or altered newborn telomere length, although effect direction and magnitude vary by exposure window, tissue and assay.

    “Maternal stress, smoking, air pollution and heavy-metal exposure during pregnancy have been associated with shorter or altered newborn TL, although effect direction and magnitude vary by exposure window, tissue and assay [122,123,124,125,126].”

    From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [126]

    Sections 4.2, 5.1, and 6 report associations of prenatal stress, smoking, and airborne pollutants with shorter or sometimes longer newborn telomere length. Section 6 discusses critical exposure windows and the need for standardized assays, but our copy does not establish that effect direction or magnitude varies by assay. Searches for heavy metals and cadmium found no passage linking prenatal heavy-metal exposure to newborn telomere length. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These associations show that prenatal exposures can coincide with early differences in telomere biology; they do not establish that neonatal telomere length mediates adult disease.

    “These associations show that prenatal exposures can coincide with early differences in telomere biology; they do not establish that neonatal TL mediates adult disease.”

    From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [126]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Vakonaki, E., Vitiadou, M. T., Panteris, E., Tzatzarakis, M., Tsatsakis, A., & Hatzidaki, E.
Affiliations
  • University of Crete (GR)
  • Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
Corresponding author
Hatzidaki, Eleftheria
ORCID
Venue
Life
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-08-06
Volume
15
Issue
8
Pages
1250
ISSN
2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/life15081250
PMC
PMC12387188
OpenAlex
W4413008841
Cited by
6
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 6
FWCI
1.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Keywords
telomere length, maternal lifestyle, pregnancy, fetal development, maternal nutrition, Mediterranean diet, exercise during pregnancy, triclosan, sleep-disordered breathing, maternal infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, maternal stress, prenatal intervention

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