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Cited by 36Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutrition and Health StudiesMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

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Nunes, Catarina L., Matias, Catarina N., Santos, Diana A., Morgado, José P., Monteiro, Cristina P., Sousa, Mónica, Minderico, Cláudia S., Rocha, Paulo M. +3 more·2018·Medicina
DOI 10.3390/medicina54030041PMC PMC6122105
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Abstract

Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2–2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20–35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.

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Authors
Nunes, C. L., Matias, C. N., Santos, D. A., Morgado, J. P., Monteiro, C. P., Sousa, M., Minderico, C. S., Rocha, P. M., St-Onge, M.-P., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Lisbon (PT)
  • Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (PT)
  • New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Corresponding author
Silva, Analiza M.
ORCID
Venue
Medicina
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-05-30
Volume
54
Issue
3
Pages
41
ISSN
  • 1010-660X (ISSN-L)
  • 1648-9144
DOI
10.3390/medicina54030041
PMC
PMC6122105
OpenAlex
W2806155312
Cited by
36
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
FWCI
2.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Medicina (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
sports nutrition, macronutrient intake, micronutrient intake, water intake, preparation stage, competitive phase, highly trained athletes, dietary recommendations, energy intake underreporting, sex differences, female athletes, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, body composition
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Diet, Diet Surveys, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Sex Factors, Sports, Micronutrients, Young Adult, Athletes

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