Gut–Liver Axis: How Do Gut Bacteria Influence the Liver?
Open accessAbstract
Chronic liver diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, gut dysbiosis was identified as an important factor in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The relationship between gut microbiota and the liver is still not well understood; however, dysfunction of the gut mucosal barrier (“leaky gut”) and increased bacterial translocation into the liver via the gut–liver axis probably play crucial roles in liver disease development and progression. The liver is an important immunological organ, and, after exposure to gut-derived bacteria via portal circulation, it responds with activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, leading to hepatic injury. A better understanding of the pathophysiological links among gut dysbiosis, the integrity of the gut barrier, and the hepatic immune response to gut-derived factors is essential for the development of new therapies to treat chronic liver diseases.
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The 'leaky gut' hypothesis proposes that intestinal bacteria, endotoxin or other bacterial products translocate from the permeable gut into the liver via the porta circulation, triggering hepatic inflammation and fibrosis further contributing to the progression of chronic liver disease.
“The ‘leaky gut’ hypothesis proposes that intestinal bacteria, endotoxin or other bacterial products translocate from the permeable gut into the liver via the porta circulation, triggering hepatic inflammation and fibrosis further contributing to the progression of chronic liver disease5,7.”
From Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Chronic liver disorders are associated with changes in gut microbiome composition and disruption of the intestinal barrier.
“Chronic liver disorders have also been associated with changes in gut microbiome composition and the disruption of the intestinal barrier3,5–8.”
From Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Konturek, P. C., Harsch, I. A., Konturek, K., Schink, M., Konturek, T., Neurath, M. F., & Zopf, Y.
- Affiliations
- Jena University Hospital (DE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Konturek, Peter Christopher
- Venue
- Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-09-17
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 2076-3271 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6165386
- OpenAlex
- W2891879417
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medical Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPUS Repository (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Keywords
- gut-liver axis, gut microbiota, gut dysbiosis, chronic liver disease, leaky gut, intestinal barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation, hepatic immune response, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, liver injury
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