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Microplastics in Freshwaters: Implications for Aquatic Autotrophic Organisms and Fauna Health

Badea, Madalina Andreea, Balas, Mihaela, Dinischiotu, Anca·2023·Microplastics
DOI 10.3390/microplastics2010003
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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) represent small plastic particles with sizes between 1 μm and 5 mm, are insoluble in water, andclassified as primary (these are originally produced in small sizes) or secondary (the result of the degradation of plastic) types. MPs accumulate in all ecosystems, including freshwater environments, where they are subjected to degradation processes. Due to their ubiquitous nature, freshwater ecosystems, which have a vital importance in human life, are permanently subjected to these small plastic particles. In this context, MPs pollution is considered to be a global issue, and it is associated with toxic effects on all the elements of the freshwater environment. In this review, we present, in detail, the main physical (density, size, color, shape, and crystallinity) and chemical (chemical composition and modification of the MPs’ surface) properties of MPs, the mechanism of biodegradation, and the consequences of autotrophic organisms and fauna exposure by focusing on the freshwater environment. The toxicity mechanisms triggered by MPs are related to the critical parameters of the particles: size, concentration, type, and form, but they are also dependent on species exposed to MPs and the exposure route.

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Figure 1 Physical and chemical properties of MPs. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 11 September 2022). Figure 1. Physical and chemical properties of MPs. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 11 September 2022).
Figure 1 Physical and chemical properties of MPs. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 11 September 2022). Figure 1. Physical and chemical properties of MPs. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 11 September 2022).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Schematic representation of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of plastic by microorganisms. The aerobic degradation of MPs by microorganisms leads to their disintegration to CO2, H2O, and carbon residuals, while in the anaerobic degradation, CO2, H2O, CH4, and carbon residuals are formed. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 27 July 2022). Figure 2. Schematic representation of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of plastic by microorganisms. The aerobic degradation of MPs by microorganisms leads to their disintegration to CO2, H2O, and carbon residuals, while in the anaerobic degradation, CO2, H2O, CH4, and carbon residuals are formed. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 27 July 2022).
Figure 2 Schematic representation of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of plastic by microorganisms. The aerobic degradation of MPs by microorganisms leads to their disintegration to CO2, H2O, and carbon residuals, while in the anaerobic degradation, CO2, H2O, CH4, and carbon residuals are formed. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 27 July 2022). Figure 2. Schematic representation of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of plastic by microorganisms. The aerobic degradation of MPs by microorganisms leads to their disintegration to CO2, H2O, and carbon residuals, while in the anaerobic degradation, CO2, H2O, CH4, and carbon residuals are formed. Diagram created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 27 July 2022).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Biodegradation process of MPs by microorganisms. ( I ) Plastic waste is degraded to microplastics. ( II ) Microorganisms colonize the MPs' surface and produce extracellular enzymes which degrade MPs to monomers and oligomers. ( III ) Monomers and oligomers are internalized into microbial cells, and under the action of intracellular enzymes, these are disintegrated to metabolic products, which are used as a carbon source by microorganisms. Image created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 4 August 2022). Figure 3. Biodegradation process of MPs by microorganisms. ( I ) Plastic waste is degraded to microplastics. ( II ) Microorganisms colonize the MPs' surface and produce extracellular enzymes which degrade MPs to monomers and oligomers. ( III ) Monomers and oligomers are internalized into microbial cells, and under the action of intracellular enzymes, these are disintegrated to metabolic products, which are used as a carbon source by microorganisms. Image created in https://biorender. com/ (accessed on 4 August 2022).
Figure 3 Biodegradation process of MPs by microorganisms. ( I ) Plastic waste is degraded to microplastics. ( II ) Microorganisms colonize the MPs' surface and produce extracellular enzymes which degrade MPs to monomers and oligomers. ( III ) Monomers and oligomers are internalized into microbial cells, and under the action of intracellular enzymes, these are disintegrated to metabolic products, which are used as a carbon source by microorganisms. Image created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 4 August 2022). Figure 3. Biodegradation process of MPs by microorganisms. ( I ) Plastic waste is degraded to microplastics. ( II ) Microorganisms colonize the MPs' surface and produce extracellular enzymes which degrade MPs to monomers and oligomers. ( III ) Monomers and oligomers are internalized into microbial cells, and under the action of intracellular enzymes, these are disintegrated to metabolic products, which are used as a carbon source by microorganisms. Image created in https://biorender. com/ (accessed on 4 August 2022).CC-BY · From the PDF
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Figure 4 The main histological, biochemical, and molecular modifications induced by microplastic in freshwater fishes. Image created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 9 August 2022). Figure 4. The main histological, biochemical, and molecular modifications induced by microplastic in freshwater fishes. Image created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 9 August 2022).
Figure 4 The main histological, biochemical, and molecular modifications induced by microplastic in freshwater fishes. Image created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 9 August 2022). Figure 4. The main histological, biochemical, and molecular modifications induced by microplastic in freshwater fishes. Image created in https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 9 August 2022).CC-BY · From the PDF

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Badea, M. A., Balas, M., & Dinischiotu, A.
Affiliations
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
ORCID
Balas, Mihaela
Venue
Microplastics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-11
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
39-59
ISSN
2673-8929
DOI
10.3390/microplastics2010003
Cited by
29
References
7
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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