Responses of Hyalella azteca to acute and chronic microplastic exposures
Abstract
Limited information is available on the presence of microplastics in freshwater systems, and even less is known about the toxicological implications of the exposure of aquatic organisms to plastic particles. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microplastic ingestion on the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Hyalella azteca was exposed to fluorescent polyethylene microplastic particles and polypropylene microplastic fibers in individual 250-mL chambers to determine 10-d mortality. In acute bioassays, polypropylene microplastic fibers were significantly more toxic than polyethylene microplastic particles; 10-d lethal concentration 50% values for polyethylene microplastic particles and polypropylene microplastic fibers were 4.64 × 10(4) microplastics/mL and 71.43 microplastics/mL, respectively. A 42-d chronic bioassay using polyethylene microplastic particles was conducted to quantify effects on reproduction, growth, and egestion. Chronic exposure to polyethylene microplastic particles significantly decreased growth and reproduction at the low and intermediate exposure concentrations. During acute exposures to polyethylene microplastic particles, the egestion times did not significantly differ from the egestion of normal food materials in the control; egestion times for polypropylene microplastic fibers were significantly slower than the egestion of food materials in the control. Amphipods exposed to polypropylene microplastic fibers also had significantly less growth. The greater toxicity of microplastic fibers than microplastic particles corresponded with longer residence times for the fibers in the gut. The difference in residence time might have affected the ability to process food, resulting in an energetic effect reflected in sublethal endpoints.
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Freshwater species take up microplastics from sediments, and the ingestion capacity of freshwater invertebrates varies with feeding type.
“Previous studies have indeed demonstrated that microplastics are taken up from sediments by freshwater species10−15 and that the capacity of freshwater invertebrates to ingest microplastics depends on their feeding type.15”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Exposure to polyethylene microplastics reduced both growth and reproduction in Hyalella azteca.
“Also, a reduction in the growth and reproduction of Hyalella azteca was found after the exposure to polyethylene (PE) microplastics.11”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Based on excretion studies with other freshwater amphipods, G. pulex is expected to completely depurate if given enough time and if ingestion stops.
“Based on microplastic excretion studies performed with other freshwater amphipods exposed to different microplastic types,11,12G. pulex is expected to be able to completely depurate if enough time is given and if the ingestion of particles concludes.”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Growth reduction of G. pulex was a sublethal effect caused by reduced food assimilation due to PS microplastic ingestion and by gut blockage from longer excretion time.
“our results indicate that growth reduction of G. pulex was a sublethal effect caused by a lower ability of these organisms to assimilate food due to the ingestion of PS microplastics,11,12 as well as by the gut blockage by these particles due to a longer excretion time needed to depurate their gut.11”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Survival of G. pulex and H. azteca was unaffected by PET and PE microplastics, respectively.
“For instance, survival of the freshwater amphipods G. pulex and H. azteca were not affected by the exposure to PET and PE microplastics, respectively.11,14”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
A previous study found reduced growth of H. azteca after 28-day exposure to PE microplastics in water at 5,000 and 10,000 particles per mL.
“In contrast, a previous study showed a decrease in the growth of H. azteca after a 28 day exposure to PE microplastics in water at concentrations of 5000 and 10 000 PE microplastic particles per mL.11”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Previous studies show that microplastic uptake by freshwater invertebrates is size-specific and feeding-type dependent, and irregularly shaped microplastics need longer clearance time than spherical ones.
“This is in accordance with previous studies showing that microplastic uptake by freshwater invertebrates is size- specific and feeding type dependent and that irregularly shaped microplastics need a significant longer clearance time in comparison to spherical microplastics.11,15”
From Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Au, S. Y., Bruce, T. F., Bridges, W. C., & Klaine, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Clemson University (US)
- North-West University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Au, Sarah Y.
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-06-04
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2564-2572
- ISSN
- 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8618
- OpenAlex
- W2163417009
- Cited by
- 628
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 13.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Award N155
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, Hyalella azteca, freshwater amphipods, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, mortality, reproduction, growth, egestion, plastic ingestion, sublethal effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Plastics, Polypropylenes, Reproduction, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Toxicity Tests, Acute, Amphipoda, Toxicity Tests, Chronic
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