Cited by 1,261Clinical Nutrition and GastroenterologyAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 210 of the 212 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation

Open access

Cruzat, Vinicius, Macedo Rogero, Marcelo, Noel Keane, Kevin, Curi, Rui, Newsholme, Philip·2018·Nutrients

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu10111564

Cites

210 of 210 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2448 · Cited by 9,144
GLUTATHIONE
Meister, A., & Anderson, M. E. (1983) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431 · Cited by 5,694
Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity
Gordon, S., & Taylor, P. R. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1733 · Cited by 5,190
The metabolism of tumors in the body
Warburg, O., Wind, F., & Negelein, E. (1927) · Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.8.6.519 · Cited by 4,416
Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions
Gordon, S., & Martinez, F. O. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007 · Cited by 4,197
Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α
Tannahill, G. M., Curtis, A. M., Adamik, J., Palsson-McDermott, E. M., McGettrick, A. F., Goel, G., Frezza, C., Bernard, N. J., Kelly, B., Foley, N. H., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11986 · Cited by 4,176 · cited 2×
“, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, citrate, and itaconate) that regulates LPS macrophage activation [119].”
Background
Macrophage activation and polarization
Martinez, F. O. (2008) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/2692 · Cited by 3,160
Posttranscriptional Control of T Cell Effector Function by Aerobic Glycolysis
Chang, C.-H., Curtis, J. D., Maggi, L. B., Faubert, B., Villarino, A. V., O’Sullivan, D., Huang, S. C.-C., van der Windt, G. J. W., Blagih, J., Qiu, J., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.016 · Cited by 2,204
From Krebs to clinic: glutamine metabolism to cancer therapy
Altman, B. J., Stine, Z. E., & Dang, C. V. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.71 · Cited by 2,119
Cutting Edge: Distinct Glycolytic and Lipid Oxidative Metabolic Programs Are Essential for Effector and Regulatory CD4+ T Cell Subsets
Michalek, R. D., Gerriets, V. A., Jacobs, S. R., Macintyre, A. N., MacIver, N. J., Mason, E. F., Sullivan, S. A., Nichols, A. G., & Rathmell, J. C. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003613 · Cited by 2,091

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 212 references

2 of the 212 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Rogero, 2007, Ffect of glutamine supplementation and in vivo infection with mycobacterium bovis (bacillus calmette-guerin) in the function of peritoneal macrophages in early weaned mice, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 51, 173

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,001

Pentachlorophenol exposure, plasma metabolomic markers, and gestational diabetes mellitus: Association and potential mediation analyses
Wen, J., Geng, S., Mu, J., Wang, J., Dai, Y., & Hu, L. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126069 · Cited by 10
NMR-Based Serum Metabolomics and Correlation Analysis Unraveled Metabolic Alterations Underlying Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Trivedi, R., Kumar, S., Kumar, P., Yadav, S., Shiv, S., & Kumar, D. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c04538 · Cited by 10
Metabolite Patterns in Human Myeloid Hematopoiesis Result from Lineage-Dependent Active Metabolic Pathways
Kaiser, L., Weinschrott, H., Quint, I., Wenzel, F., Blaess, M. F., Jung, M., Kohl, M., & Deigner, H. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176092 · Cited by 10
Evaluation of Plasma Amino Acid Levels in Preterm Infants and Their Potential Correlation with Retinopathy of Prematurity
Özcan, Y., Gümüş, H., & Sönmez, K. (2020) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2020/8026547 · Cited by 10
Role of Glutamine in the Management of Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Tang, G., Huang, W., Zhang, L., & Wei, Z. (2021) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2021.1889623 · Cited by 14
Metabolic Intersection of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases: Opportunities for Cancer Therapy
Hoang, G., Nguyen, K. T., & Le, A. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_18 · Cited by 10
A discussion on the ‘dispensable’ amino acids
Ennis, M. A., & Elango, R. (2021) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000784 · Cited by 12
Circulating Metabolites in Relation to the Kidney Allograft Function in Posttransplant Patients
Baranovičová, E., Vnučák, M., Graňák, K., Lehotský, J., Kadášová, N., Miklušica, J., & Dedinská, I. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12070661 · Cited by 10
The Effects of Glutamine Supplementation on Reducing Mortality and Morbidity among Burn Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Mortada, H. H., Alhindi, N. I., Abukhudair, A., Alanazi, S., AlSahli, A., & Arab, K. A. (2022) · JPRAS Open · doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2022.09.003 · Cited by 12
Effects of Ferroptosis on Cardiovascular Diseases
Xu, J., Pi, J.-K., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Zhang, S., & Wu, S. (2023) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2023/6653202 · Cited by 11
A HIGHLY PURIFIED L-GLUTAMINASE FROM IMMOBILIZED PSEUDOMONAS SP. RAS123 CULTURES WITH ANTITUMOR AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES
El-Borai, A. M., sayed, R. A., Farag, A., & El-Assar, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences · doi:10.55251/jmbfs.5637 · Cited by 10
Altered Respiratory Microbiomes, Plasma Metabolites, and Immune Responses in Influenza A Virus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection
Chen, Q., Liu, M., Guo, H., Wang, K., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Lin, Y., Li, J., Li, P., Yang, L., et al. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.05247-22 · Cited by 10
Discovery and Optimization of Ergosterol Peroxide Derivatives as Novel Glutaminase 1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Luo, R., Zhao, H., Deng, S., Wu, J., Wang, H., Guo, X., Han, C., Ren, W., Han, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29184375 · Cited by 10
l-glutamine supplementation exerts cardio-renal protection in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive-treated female rats
Olaniyi, K. S., Sabinari, I. W., & Olatunji, L. A. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2019.103305 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness and mechanism study of glutamine on alleviating hypermetabolism in burned rats
Yang, Y., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z. E., DanWu, Fan, S., Yan, W., Xia, L., & Peng, X. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110934 · Cited by 10
Obesity-Related Adipose Tissue Remodeling in the Light of Extracellular Mitochondria Transfer
Lecoutre, S., Clément, K., & Dugail, I. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020632 · Cited by 10
Metabolic Pathways as a Novel Landscape in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Ali, A. H., Chianese, U., Papulino, C., Toraldo, A., Abakar, M. E. A., Passaro, E., Cennamo, R., Gaudio, N. D., Altucci, L., & Benedetti, R. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14153799 · Cited by 10
Metabolic profiling of HIV infected individuals on an AZT-based antiretroviral treatment regimen reveals persistent oxidative stress
Sitole, L., Fortuin, R., & Tugizimana, F. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114986 · Cited by 10
Glutamine supplementation reverses manganese neurotoxicity by eliciting the mitochondrial unfolded protein response
Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Wu, L., Chen, L., Niu, P., & Li, J. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107136 · Cited by 11
Glutamine supports the protection of tissue cells against the damage caused by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from pathogenic bacteria
Turner, M. L., Owens, S. E., & Sheldon, I. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219275 · Cited by 11
RETRACTED: Shah et al. Glutamine Metabolism and Its Role in Immunity, a Comprehensive Review. Animals 2020, 10, 326
Animals Editorial Office (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11030905 · Cited by 9
Retracted
Faecal microbiota transplant restores intestinal barrier function and augments ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis: a randomised single-blind placebo-controlled trialPreprint
Shawcross, D. L., Edwards, L. A., Woodhouse, C., Lee, S., Mullish, B. H., Learoyd, A., Portlock, T., Flach, C., Douiri, A., Zamalloa, A., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088449/v1 · Cited by 10
Genetically Regulated Gene Expression in the Brain Associated With Chronic Pain: Relationships With Clinical Traits and Potential for Drug Repurposing
Johnston, K. J. A., Cote, A. C., Hicks, E. M., Johnson, J., & Huckins, L. M. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.023 · Cited by 11
Glutamine supplementation improves the activity and immunosuppressive action of induced regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo
Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Wu, K., Yu, C., Zhu, W., Sun, D., Zhu, L., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Transplant Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.trim.2024.102044 · Cited by 10
Combining Metabolomics and Machine Learning to Identify Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pre- and Post-Radiation Therapy
Murcia, M., Canela-Capdevila, M., García-Pablo, R., Jiménez-Franco, A., Jiménez-Aguilar, J. M., Badía, J., Benavides-Villarreal, R., Acosta, J. C., Arguís, M., Onoiu, A.-I., et al. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14080898 · Cited by 10
The AST/ALT ratio predicts survival and improves oncological therapy decisions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy with or without radiotherapy
Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Shang, S., Ma, J., Wang, F., Wu, M., Yu, J., & Chen, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1389804 · Cited by 9
A phase 1 study of the amino acid modulator pegcrisantaspase and venetoclax for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia
Liu, Y., Bollino, D. R., Bah, O. M., Strovel, E. T., Le, T. V., Zarrabi, J., Philip, S., Lapidus, R. G., Baer, M. R., Niyongere, S., et al. (2024) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2024024837 · Cited by 10
Early intravenous branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrition supplementation in older patients undergoing gastric surgery: a randomized clinical trial
Ma, Y., Zhao, X., Yan, P., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., & Ge, S. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-01041-0 · Cited by 10
Advances in the study of disulfidptosis in digestive tract tumors
Chen, Y., Zhang, D., Yang, H., Wu, J., & He, W. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-01875-y · Cited by 9
Ammonia Dynamics in the Human Body: Insights in Biomedical Sensing Technologies
Nijkoops, A., Ciocca, M., Angeli, M. A. C., Pogliaghi, S., Krik, S., Avancini, E., Munzenrieder, N. S., Lugli, P., & Petti, L. (2025) · Advanced Sensor Research · doi:10.1002/adsr.202400179 · Cited by 9
Functional foods for astronauts: Enhancing health and performance in microgravity and extreme environments
Sonali, L., Raj, M. P. D., Pavithra, R., Kanimozhi, N. V., Suneetha, C., Shri, B. R., & Sukumar, M. (2025) · Space habitation. · doi:10.1016/j.spaceh.2025.100005 · Cited by 10
Autism and the Oral Microbiome: A Systematic Review of Host-microbial Interactions and Diversity
Fakhruddin, K. S., Kamal, I., Maglaperidze, T., Marya, A., Samaranayake, L. P., & Porntaveetus, T. (2025) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2025.100957 · Cited by 12
Intestinal clock shapes sleep-wake cycle via sustaining glutamine homeostasis
Guo, L., Xiao, Y., Li, Z., Huang, Y., Cen, H., Wu, Z., Wang, H., Liu, X., Yang, Z., Zhao, C., et al. (2025) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.10.010 · Cited by 9
Endothelial cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular ageing
Walczak, I., Tarnawska, M., Stawarska, K., Braczko, A., Paterek, A., Rolski, F., Leszek, P., Smolarek, D., Kapusta, M., Narajczyk, M., et al. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103119 · Cited by 13
Efficacy of Nutrients in Reducing the Symptoms of Radiation Induced Oral Mucositis in a Hamster Model
Dvoretskiy, S., Pereira, S. L., & Das, T. (2021) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2021.1952440 · Cited by 9
Insulin degludec and glutamine dipeptide modify glucose homeostasis and liver metabolism in diabetic mice undergoing insulin-induced hypoglycemia
Bataglini, C., Mariano, I. R., Azevedo, S. C. S. F., Freire, V. N., Natali, M. R. M., Pedrosa, M. M. D., Peralta, R. M., de Sá‐Nakanishi, A. B., Bracht, L., de Godoi, V. A. F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Applied Biomedicine · doi:10.32725/jab.2021.025 · Cited by 8
The Sexual Effect of Chicken Embryos on the Yolk Metabolites and Liver Lipid Metabolism
Ding, P., Tong, Y., Wu, S., Yin, X., Liu, H., He, X., Song, Z., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12010071 · Cited by 10
Study of the effects of Au@ZIF-8 on metabolism in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages
Li, N., Du, Q., Jing, Z., Xue, L., He, W., Zhang, X., & Sun, Z. (2022) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212800 · Cited by 9
Untargeted Metabolomics Studies of H9c2 Cardiac Cells Submitted to Oxidative Stress, β-Adrenergic Stimulation and Doxorubicin Treatment: Investigation of Cardiac Biomarkers
Lima, M. F., Amaral, A. G., Moretto, I. A., Paiva-Silva, F. J. T. N., Pereira, F. O. B., Barbas, C., dos Santos, A. M., Simionato, A. V. C., & Rupérez, F. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.898742 · Cited by 9
Immunological effects of glutamine supplementation in polytrauma patients in intensive care unit
Cotoia, A., Cantatore, L. P., Beck, R., Tullo, L., Fortarezza, D., Marchese, F., Ferrara, G., & Cinnella, G. (2022) · Journal of Anesthesia Analgesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s44158-022-00068-1 · Cited by 10
Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis
Yang, Y., Li, C., Cai, H.-Y., Lin, B.-S., Kim, C., & Chang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415831 · Cited by 9
Amino acid profiles, disease activity, and protein intake in adult patients with Crohn’s disease
Cioffi, I., Vincenzo, O. D., Imperatore, N., Fisco, M., Testa, A., Scialò, F., Castiglione, F., Ruoppolo, M., Pasanisi, F., & Santarpia, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1245574 · Cited by 12
Efficacy of breast milk components against microbial pathogens to combat drug-resistance
Baker, S., Niranjan Raj, S., Manju, K. G., Ranjini, H. K., & Shayista, H. (2023) · The Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.microb.2023.100010 · Cited by 13
Lunasin ameliorates glucose utilization in C2C12 myotubes and metabolites profile in diet-induced obese mice benefiting metabolic disorders
Huang, P., Chiang, C.-C., Huang, C., Lin, P.-Y., Kuo, H., Kuo, C., & Hsieh, C. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122180 · Cited by 10
Identification and validation of diagnostic biomarkers for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy based on untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses of urine metabolite profiles
Liu, W. L., Chen, L., Miao, K., You, Y., Li, J., Lu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-06102-6 · Cited by 10
Sodium octanoate mediates GPR84-dependent and independent protection against sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction
Lin, Y., Zhang, W., Jiang, X., Wu, C., Yang, J., Tao, J., Chen, Z., He, J., Zhu, R., Zhong, H., et al. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117455 · Cited by 10
Association between C-reactive protein and sarcopenia: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041052 · Cited by 11
A free amino acid‐based diet partially prevents symptoms of cow's milk allergy in mice after oral sensitization with whey
van Sadelhoff, J. H. J., Hogenkamp, A., Wiertsema, S. P., Harthoorn, L. F., Loonstra, R., Hartog, A., & Garssen, J. (2020) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.288 · Cited by 9
The efficacy of early postoperative enteral immunonutrition on T-lymphocyte count: A randomised control study in low-risk cardiac surgery patients
Svetikienė, M., Ringaitienė, D., Veželienė, J., Isajevas, V., Trybė, D., Vicka, V., Malickaitė, R., Jurgauskienė, L., Norkūnienė, J., Šerpytis, M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.009 · Cited by 9
Formulation and in vivo study of the solid effervescent system as a new strategy for oral glutamine delivery
Ferrari, B. J. W., Pelegrini, B. L., da Silva, J. B., Pereira, O. C. N., Lima, M. M. D. S., Bruschi, M. L., & Bazotte, R. B. (2021) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102516 · Cited by 9
Heavy Metal Stress in Medicinal Plants: Detoxification Mechanisms, Antioxidants, and Implications for Human Health
Riaz, M. W., Wu, T., Hussain, Q., Haider, F. U., Jiang, W., Shao, Q., Manzoor, M. A., & Xing, B. (2024) · Journal of soil science and plant nutrition · doi:10.1007/s42729-024-01809-7 · Cited by 9
Functionalization of single-walled aluminum nitride nanotube with amino acids using the first principle's study
Abinaya, V., Sneha, J. M., Akash, R., Mohanraj, H. R., Sivasankar, K. J., & Thiruvadigal, D. J. (2024) · Surfaces and Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2024.105216 · Cited by 9
Current Trend and Outcomes on Immunonutrition in Medical and Surgical Fields: An Updated Perspective
Koo, T. H., Leong, X. B., & Zakaria, A. D. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2024.31.6.6 · Cited by 8
Integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology to investigate Mu Jin Powder prevents ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats
Shi, J., Huo, J.-N., Luo, X., Zhang, Q., Han, L., Wu, X., Bao, Y., Wang, S., Li, T., Dong, B.-Q., et al. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.119730 · Cited by 8
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava leaf proteins unlocks antioxidant and therapeutic peptides: Alcalase-derived bioactives target oxidative stress pathways
Zhang, J., Fang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yu, H., Lin, L., Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., & Song, Y. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145280 · Cited by 8
Inhibition of Glutamine Metabolism Attenuates Tumor Progression Through Remodeling of the Macrophage Immune Microenvironment
Li, T., Akhtarkhavari, S., Qi, S., Fan, J., Chang, T., Shen, Y., Yang, J., Slusher, B. S., Shih, I., Gaillard, S. L., et al. (2025) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202400738 · Cited by 10
Current Data on the Role of Amino Acids in the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Zamosteanu, D., Filip, N., Trandafir, L. M., Țarcă, E., Perțea, M., Bordeianu, G., Bernic, J., Heredea, A.-M., & Cojocaru, E. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157129 · Cited by 10
Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Complex Prehabilitation in Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Comprehensive Review
Włodarczyk, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157242 · Cited by 12
Metabolism and Targeted Therapy of Fibrosis in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Review
Luo, H., Guo, S., Chu, Y., Xin, Y., Yin, X., & Li, X. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.118338 · Cited by 10
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals circulating biomarkers related to wooden breast myopathy in broilers: a preliminary study
Qin, J., Qingqing, C., Cai, Z., Zhang, L., Xing, T., Xu, X., & Gao, F. (2023) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2023.102718 · Cited by 8
Glutamine alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-induced corneal epithelial inflammation and oxidative stress in dogs
Song, X., Liang, Y., Zhou, S., Xie, W., Yang, Q., Ma, N., & Shen, X. (2023) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2023.109607 · Cited by 8
Metabolomic signatures of ideal cardiovascular health in black adults
Islam, S. J., Liu, C., Mohandas, A., Rooney, K., Nayak, A., Mehta, A., Ko, Y., Kim, J. H., Sun, Y. V., Dunbar, S. B., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51920-z · Cited by 8
Impact of Distinct Antiandrogen Exposures on the Plasma Metabolome in Feminizing Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy
Shepherd, R., Angus, L. M., Mansell, T., Arman, B. M., Kim, B. W., Lange, K., Burgner, D. P., Kerr, J. A., Pang, K. C., Zajac, J. D., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae226 · Cited by 8
Glutamine: A key player in human metabolism as revealed by hyperpolarized magnetic resonance
dos Santos, K. C., Bertho, G., Baudin, M., & Giraud, N. (2024) · Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.pnmrs.2024.05.003 · Cited by 9
Safety and efficacy of L-Glutamine in reducing the frequency of acute complications among patients with sickle cell disease: A randomized controlled study
Ebeid, F. S. E., Aly, N. H., Shaheen, N. M., Abdellatif, S. M. A., Okba, A. A., Gad, N. A., & Makkeyah, S. M. M. (2024) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-024-05877-8 · Cited by 8
Roles of Critical Amino Acids Metabolism in The Interactions Between Intracellular Bacterial Infection and Macrophage Function
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Xia, L., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-024-03801-x · Cited by 10
Changes in Plasma Concentration of Free Proteinogenic and Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids in High-Performance Sprinters over a 6-Month Training Cycle
Kusy, K., Matysiak, J., Zarębska, E. A., Klupczyńska-Gabryszak, A., Ciekot-Sołtysiak, M., Plewa, S., Kokot, Z. J., Dereziński, P., & Zieliński, J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13175300 · Cited by 8
An injectable reactive oxygen species-responsive self-assembled hydrogel loaded with L-glutamine targets cartilage repair for treatment of osteoarthritis
Wang, C., He, J., Hu, Z., Yan, Y., Xu, Z., Yu, Y., Su, J., Ma, B., Yu, H., Zhang, G., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.159529 · Cited by 8
Effects of maternal alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation during lactation on the performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets
Jiang, Q., Adebowale, T. O., Tian, J., Yin, Y., & Kang, Y. (2019) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2019.1640023 · Cited by 8
Conjugate of graphene quantum dots and glutaminase for the sensing of L-glutamine: Electrochemical vs. fluorescent sensing approaches
Devi, P., Kukkar, D., Kaur, M., Thakur, A., Kim, K., Kukkar, P., Kaur, K., & Kaur, H. (2021) · Inorganic Chemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108745 · Cited by 8
COVID‐19 Metabolomic‐Guided Amino Acid Therapy Protects from Inflammation and Disease Sequelae
Ming, S., Qu, S., Wu, Y., Wei, J., Zhang, G., Jiang, G., & Huang, X. (2023) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202200265 · Cited by 8
Immunmodulation durch Ernährung bei kritisch kranken Patienten
Hirschberger, S., Schmid, A., & Kreth, S. (2023) · Die Anaesthesiologie · doi:10.1007/s00101-023-01258-4 · Cited by 8
Combining single-cell and transcriptomic analysis revealed the immunomodulatory effect of GOT2 on a glutamine-dependent manner in cutaneous melanoma
Song, L., Wei, X., Zhang, X., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1241454 · Cited by 8
1H NMR-Based Metabolic Signatures in the Liver and Brain in a Rat Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Pathania, A., Rawat, A. K., Dahiya, S. S., Dhanda, S., Barnwal, R. P., Baishya, B., & Sandhir, R. (2020) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00165 · Cited by 8
Metabolomic Recovery as a Result of Ischemic Preconditioning Was More Pronounced in Hippocampus than in Cortex That Appeared More Sensitive to Metabolomic Blood Components
Baranovičová, E., Kalenská, D., Grendár, M., & Lehotský, J. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11080516 · Cited by 9
Metabolite Biomarkers of Prolonged and Intensified Pain and Distress in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radio- or Chemoradiotherapy by Means of NMR-Based Metabolomics—A Preliminary Study
Boguszewicz, Ł., Heyda, A., Ciszek, M., Bieleń, A., Skorupa, A., Mrochem‐Kwarciak, J., Składowski, K., & Sokol, M. B. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14010060 · Cited by 7
The Correlation between Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines in Wines without Added Sulfur Dioxide
Macoviciuc, S., Niculaua, M., Nechita, B., Cioroiu, I. B., & Cotea, V. V. (2024) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation10060302 · Cited by 8
Metabolomic profiling of dengue infection: unraveling molecular signatures by LC-MS/MS and machine learning models
Josyula, J. V. N., JeanPierre, A. R., Jorvekar, S. B., Adla, D., Mariappan, V., Pulimamidi, S. S., Green, S. R., Pillai, A. B., Borkar, R. M., & Mutheneni, S. R. (2024) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-024-02169-0 · Cited by 6
Impact of perioperative immunonutrition on postoperative outcomes in pancreaticoduodenectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zhang, G., Zhao, B. C., Deng, T.-B., He, X., Chen, Y., Zhong, C., & Chen, J. (2024) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03510-6 · Cited by 7
Glutamine Supplementation: A Possible Strategy to Help Mitigate Health Risks of Heat‐Related Illness
Zuhl, M., Specht, J. W., Beatty, S., & Mermier, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/jnme/1638244 · Cited by 7
The comparative efficacy of L-glutamine, celecoxib, and glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis management
Hu, Z., Wang, C., Wang, C., He, J., Yan, Y., Xu, Z., Yu, Y., Yu, Y., Huan, C., Liu, L., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93357-y · Cited by 9
Development of GluN2A NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulators: Recent advances and perspectives
Li, P., Wang, J., Wang, M., Chen, X., Zhu, H., & Dong, M. (2025) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2025.118194 · Cited by 7
Mn-coordination driven glutamine and cancer stemness dual-tailored nano-herb for high-efficiency activation of dendritic cells
Yan, F., Tian, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Yang, C., Chen, L., Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., Song, Y., Huang, C., et al. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123399 · Cited by 7
Low, Intermediate, and High Glutamine Levels Are Progressively Associated with Increased Lymphopenia, a Diminished Inflammatory Response, and Higher Mortality in Internal Medicine Patients with Sepsis
Mearelli, F., Nunnari, A., Chitti, F., Rombini, A., Macor, A., Denora, D., Messana, L., Scardino, M., Martini, I., Bolzan, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103313 · Cited by 8
Crosstalk of glutamine metabolism between cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cells
Chen, T., Xu, Y., Yang, F., Pan, Y., Ji, N., Li, J., Zeng, X. Y., Chen, Q., Jiang, L., & Shen, Y. (2025) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111874 · Cited by 9
Targeting amino acid in tumor therapy
Ge, M., Xu, Y., Cui, L., Huang, E., Liu, Z., & Yin, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1582116 · Cited by 8
Leucine and glutamic acid attenuate the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by modulating the inflammatory response and energy metabolism processes
Feng, J., Cao, W., Wang, Z., Xu, B., Li, G., & Li, M. (2025) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.110016 · Cited by 7
Nutritional intervention alleviates T cell exhaustion and empowers anti-tumor immunity
Xu, Y., Yuan, W., Li, K., & Li, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1689317 · Cited by 8
Obesity-Related Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Properties of Natural Compounds in the Enteric Nervous System: A Literature Overview
Bellitto, V., Tomassoni, D., Martinelli, I., Nittari, G., & Tayebati, S. K. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15010083 · Cited by 7
Emerging roles and regulatory mechanisms involved in glutamine metabolism
Ryu, K. W., Fung, T. S., & Thompson, C. B. (2026) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2026.04.008 · Cited by 9
Relationships between Slc1a5 and Osteoclastogenesis
Tsumura, H., Shindo, M., Ito, M., Igarashi, A., Takeda, K., Matsumoto, K., Ohkura, T., Miyado, K., Sugiyama, F., Umezawa, A., et al. (2021) · Comparative Medicine · doi:10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000012 · Cited by 8
Glutamine Homeostasis and Its Role in the Adaptive Strategies of the Blind Mole Rat, Spalax
Miskevich, D. A., Chaban, A., Dronina, M. A., Abramovich, I., Gottlieb, E., & Shams, I. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11110755 · Cited by 7
TBK1 participates in glutaminolysis by mediating the phosphorylation of RIPK3 to promote endotoxin tolerance
Pan, L., Yang, L., Yi, Z., Zhang, W., & Gong, J. (2022) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.009 · Cited by 7
Dysfunction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Induced by Hepatoma Cells through the Gln-GLS2-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway
Wang, W., Guo, M., Bai, Z., Bai, W., Chen, W., Su, Y., & Wu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2708243 · Cited by 7
Plasma Amino Acids and Acylcarnitines Are Associated with the Female but Not Male Adolescent Swimmer’s Performance: An Integration between Mass Spectrometry and Complex Network Approaches
Mendes, F. M. M., Sanches, P. H. G., Silva, A., dos Reis, I. G. M., Carvalho, P. D. O., Porcari, A. M., & Messias, L. H. D. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11121734 · Cited by 7
Plasma metabolomics and quantitative interstitial abnormalities in ever-smokers
Choi, B., Estépar, R. S. J., Godbole, S. V., Curtis, J. L., Wang, J. M., Estépar, R. S. J., Rosas, I. O., Mayers, J. R., Hobbs, B. D., Hersh, C. P., et al. (2023) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-023-02576-2 · Cited by 7
Effects of polystyrene nanoplastic exposure on energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid changes in Monopterus albus
Liu, H., Zhou, W., Zhou, Z., Yu, C., Tye, G. J., Lv, W., & Jiang, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1285427 · Cited by 7
Novel COVID-19 biomarkers identified through multi-omics data analysis: N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-L-alanine, N-acetyltriptophan, palmitoylcarnitine, and glycerol 1-myristate
Cobre, A. D. F., Alves, A. C., Gotine, A. R. M., Domingues, K. Z. A., Lazo, R. E. L., Ferreira, L. M., Tonin, F. S., & Pontarolo, R. (2024) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-024-03547-1 · Cited by 7
Causal effects of circulating glutamine on colitis, IBD, and digestive system cancers: a Mendelian randomisation study
Xie, Y., Wu, Y., Tao, Q., Chen, Y., & Zeng, C. (2024) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.96085 · Cited by 7
Integrated analysis of disulfidoptosis-related genes identifies NRP1 as a novel biomarker promoting proliferation of gastric cancer via glutamine mediated energy metabolism
Li, Q., Shi, G., Li, Y., Lu, R., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-024-01217-4 · Cited by 7

Authors: Cruzat, V., Macedo Rogero, M., Noel Keane, K., Curi, R., & Newsholme, P.
Affiliations: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul (BR)
Curtin University (AU)
Corresponding author: Newsholme, Philip
ORCID: Cruzat, Vinicius
Macedo Rogero, Marcelo
Curi, Rui
Newsholme, Philip
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2018-10-23
Volume: 10
Issue: 11
Pages: 1564
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu10111564
PMC: PMC6266414
OpenAlex: W2897213700
Cited by: 1,261
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 155 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 204 · 2023: 203 · 2022: 180 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 8.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Curtin University of Technology
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords: glutamine, glutamine metabolism, immune function, glutamine supplementation, catabolic state, hypercatabolism, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, macrophage function, neutrophil function, critically ill patients, sepsis, trauma (physical injury), athletes, immunosuppression
MeSH terms: Enteral Nutrition, Glutamine, Humans, Parenteral Nutrition, Dietary Supplements

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks