Microbiome and Asthma: Microbial Dysbiosis and the Origins, Phenotypes, Persistence, and Severity of Asthma
Open accessAbstract
The importance of the microbiome, and of the gut-lung axis in the origin and persistence of asthma, is an ongoing field of investigation. The process of microbial colonisation in the first three years of life is fundamental for health, with the first hundred days of life being critical. Different factors are associated with early microbial dysbiosis, such as caesarean delivery, artificial lactation and antibiotic therapy, among others. Longitudinal cohort studies on gut and airway microbiome in children have found an association between microbial dysbiosis and asthma at later ages of life. A low α-diversity and relative abundance of certain commensal gut bacterial genera in the first year of life are associated with the development of asthma. Gut microbial dysbiosis, with a lower abundance of Phylum Firmicutes, could be related with increased risk of asthma. Upper airway microbial dysbiosis, especially early colonisation by Moraxella spp., is associated with recurrent viral infections and the development of asthma. Moreover, the bacteria in the respiratory system produce metabolites that may modify the inception of asthma and is progression. The role of the lung microbiome in asthma development has yet to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, the most consistent finding in studies on lung microbiome is the increased bacterial load and the predominance of proteobacteria, especially Haemophilus spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis. In this review we shall update the knowledge on the association between microbial dysbiosis and the origins of asthma, as well as its persistence, phenotypes, and severity.
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Urbanization and limited natural exposure have been associated with increased chronic disease risk.
“Activities such as hiking promote microbial diversity, which is essential for immune resilience, whereas urbanization and limited natural exposure have been associated with increased chronic disease risk [41,42,43,44,45,46,47].”
From The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome's Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine-Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The Introduction reports that early exposure to microbe-rich settings, including farms, is associated with less asthma and allergy. It does not establish that urbanization or limited natural exposure is associated with increased chronic disease risk generally; its discussion is limited to asthma and allergies. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActivities such as hiking promote microbial diversity, which is essential for immune resilience.
“Activities such as hiking promote microbial diversity, which is essential for immune resilience, whereas urbanization and limited natural exposure have been associated with increased chronic disease risk [41,42,43,44,45,46,47].”
From The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome's Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine-Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The Introduction (section 1; page unavailable) associates early exposure to bacteria-rich environments, including farms, with less asthma and allergy and describes a possible immunomodulatory effect. Section 3 links proper early microbial colonisation to immune-system maturation. Neither passage shows that hiking promotes microbial diversity, and the paper’s evidence concerns early-life exposure and asthma rather than immune resilience generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Valverde-Molina, J., & García-Marcos, L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Paediatrics, Santa Lucía General University Hospital, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Units, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia and IMIB Biomedical Research Institute, 20120 Murcia, Spain
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-17
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 486
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9921812
- OpenAlex
- W4317042796
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 12
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- asthma, gut microbiota, lung microbiome, dysbiosis, gut-lung axis, microbial colonization, early life, cesarean section, antibiotic exposure, breastfeeding, Firmicutes, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus, Proteobacteria, respiratory viral infections, asthma severity, asthma phenotypes, bacterial metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Asthma, Bacteria, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Lung, Phenotype, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
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