Ketogenic Diet Induced Shifts in the Gut Microbiome Associate with Changes to Inflammatory Cytokines and Brain-Related miRNAs in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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In this interventional pilot study, we investigated the effects of a modified ketogenic diet (KD) on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously observed improved behavioral symptoms in this cohort following the KD; this trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02477904). This report details the alterations observed in the microbiota, inflammation markers, and microRNAs of seven children following a KD for a duration of 4 months. Our analysis included blood and stool samples, collected before and after the KD. After 4 months follow up, we found that the KD led to decreased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70 and IL-1b) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Additionally, we observed changes in the gut microbiome, increased expression of butyrate kinase in the gut, and altered levels of BDNF-associated miRNAs in the plasma. These cohort findings suggest that the KD may positively influence ASD sociability, as previously observed, by reducing inflammation, reversing gut microbial dysbiosis, and impacting the BDNF pathway related to brain activity.
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Allan et al. observed a reduction in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β and IL-12p70, in plasma of ASD patients after following the KD.
“They observed a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β and IL-12p70, in the plasma of ASD patients after following the KD.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [171]
Allan et al. noted a significant reduction in plasma levels of BDNF, a key factor involved in neuroinflammation in the central nervous system that has been previously associated with ASD.
“They also noted a significant reduction in plasma levels of BDNF, a key factor involved in neuroinflammation in the central nervous system that has been previously associated with ASD.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [171]
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- Authors
- Allan, N. P., Yamamoto, B. Y., Kunihiro, B. P., Nunokawa, C. K. L., Rubas, N. C., Wells, R. K., Umeda, L., Phankitnirundorn, K., Torres, A., Peres, R., Takahashi, E., & Maunakea, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maunakea, Alika K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-05-07
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1401
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11124410
- OpenAlex
- W4396706141
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HMSA Foundation (1P20GM113134-17S17)
- NIH (1P20GM113134-17S17)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, microRNA, butyrate kinase, dysbiosis, inflammation, children, sociability
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Pilot Projects, Cytokines, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, MicroRNAs, Diet, Ketogenic, Dysbiosis
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