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Cited by 15Gut microbiota and healthInflammatory Bowel DiseaseAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

Dietary Nitrogen and Its Role in the Gut Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review

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Herrera, Matthew, Byerley, Lauri O.·2025·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu17142373PMC PMC12299043
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Abstract

In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as a critical regulator of gastrointestinal health and disease, with its role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis—being particularly significant. Among the many factors influencing the gut microbiota, dietary components such as fibers, fats, and polyphenols have received substantial attention. However, nitrogen-containing compounds, such as amino acids, nitrates, urea, and even nucleic acids, such as purines, remain underexplored despite their integral role in shaping microbial ecology, host metabolism, and immune responses. Some of these compounds are metabolized by gut bacteria into bioactive molecules such as short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, and nitric oxide, which exert diverse effects on mucosal integrity and inflammation. IBD pathophysiology is characterized by chronic inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, and compromised epithelial barriers. Nitrogen metabolism contributes significantly to these processes by influencing microbial composition, metabolite production, and host immune pathways. The breakdown of various nitrogen-containing compounds in the body leads to the production of byproducts, such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which have been implicated in mucosal damage and immune dysregulation. At the same time, nitrogen-derived molecules, such as short-chain fatty acids and nitric oxide, exhibit protective effects, underscoring the dual role of dietary nitrogen in health and disease. This narrative review highlights the complex interactions between dietary nitrogen sources, gut microbiota, and IBD pathogenesis. We summarize the mechanisms by which nitrogen compounds influence microbial dynamics, identify their contributions to inflammation and barrier dysfunction, and explore their therapeutic potential. Multidisciplinary approaches integrating clinical, metabolomic, and microbiome research are essential to unravel the full scope of nitrogen’s role in gut health and identify novel therapeutic targets.

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  • Conditions such as gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and chronic dysbiosis can disrupt the enterosalivary nitrate cycle by decreasing the effectiveness of nitrate reduction to nitrite and subsequent NO formation.

    “Conditions such as gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and chronic dysbiosis can disrupt the enterosalivary nitrate cycle by decreasing the effectiveness of nitrate reduction to nitrite and the subsequent formation of NO [294].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [294]

    Section 4 describes nitrate reduction to nitrite by oral and gut bacteria, followed by conversion to NO, and discusses altered nitrate metabolism in the inflamed gut. It does not say that gastritis, IBD, coeliac disease, or chronic dysbiosis reduce the effectiveness of that conversion or disrupt the enterosalivary nitrate cycle. Section 2.2 instead notes increased NO levels in IBD, without addressing whether the enterosalivary pathway is impaired. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Herrera, M., & Byerley, L. O.
Affiliations
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans (US)
Corresponding author
Byerley, Lauri O.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-07-20
Volume
17
Issue
14
Pages
2373
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu17142373
PMC
PMC12299043
OpenAlex
W4412513302
Cited by
15
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 1
FWCI
1.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords
dietary nitrogen, gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, nitrogen metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mucosal barrier dysfunction, dysbiosis, purines, amino acids, nitrate, host-microbe interactions
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Diet, Humans, Nitrogen, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Dysbiosis

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