The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
Keeping a delicate balance in the immune system by eliminating invading pathogens, while still maintaining self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity, is critical for the body's health. The gut microbiota that resides in the gastrointestinal tract provides essential health benefits to its host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis. Moreover, it has recently become obvious that alterations of these gut microbial communities can cause immune dysregulation, leading to autoimmune disorders. Here we review the advances in our understanding of how the gut microbiota regulates innate and adaptive immune homeostasis, which in turn can affect the development of not only intestinal but also systemic autoimmune diseases. Exploring the interaction of gut microbes and the host immune system will not only allow us to understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases but will also provide us new foundations for the design of novel immuno- or microbe-based therapies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The intestinal microbiome is closely related to host immunity and plays an important role in the immune system.
“In general, the intestinal microbiome is closely related to host immunity and plays an important role in the immune system [47].”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823 · see citing works
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06244 · Cited by 6,091 · see citing works
De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579 · see citing works
Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
Bäckhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104816 · Cited by 5,277 · see citing works
Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Costello, E. K., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., & Knight, R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002601107 · Cited by 4,774 · see citing works
Frank, D. N., St. Amand, A. L., Feldman, R. A., Boedeker, E. C., Harpaz, N., & Pace, N. R. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706625104 · Cited by 4,611 · see citing works
Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
Ivanov, I. I., Atarashi, K., Manel, N., Brodie, E. L., Shima, T., Karaoz, U., Wei, D., Goldfarb, K. C., Santee, C. A., Lynch, S. V., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,554 · see citing works
Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 4,251 · see citing works
Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous <i>Clostridium</i> Species
Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Shima, T., Imaoka, A., Kuwahara, T., Momose, Y., Cheng, G., Yamasaki, S., Saito, T., Ohba, Y., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198469 · Cited by 3,752 · see citing works
Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine
Ley, R. E., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017 · Cited by 3,358 · see citing works
Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43
Maslowski, K. M., Vieira, A. T., Ng, A., Kranich, J., Sierro, F., Yu, D., Schilter, H. C., Rolph, M. S., Mackay, F., Artis, D., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08530 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2009) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322 · Cited by 3,058 · see citing works
Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome
Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Conlan, S., Deming, C. B., Davis, J., Young, A. C., Program, N. C. S., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Murray, P. R., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1171700 · Cited by 2,953 · see citing works
An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System
Mazmanian, S. K., Liu, C. H., Tzianabos, A. O., & Kasper, D. L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007 · Cited by 2,910 · see citing works
Development of the Human Infant Intestinal Microbiota
Palmer, C., Bik, E. M., DiGiulio, D. B., Relman, D. A., & Brown, P. O. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050177 · Cited by 2,877 · see citing works
The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Bach, J. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra020100 · Cited by 2,714 · see citing works
Projection of an Immunological Self Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein
Anderson, M. S., Venanzi, E. S., Klein, L., Chen, Z., Berzins, S. P., Turley, S. J., von Boehmer, H., Bronson, R. T., Dierich, A., Benoist, C. O., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1075958 · Cited by 2,474 · see citing works
A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease
Mazmanian, S. K., Round, J. L., & Kasper, D. L. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07008 · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach
Manichanh, C., Rigottier-Gois, L., Bonnaud, E., Gloux, K., Pelletier, E., Frangeul, L., Nalin, R., Jarrin, C., Chardon, P., Marteau, P., et al. (2006) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2005.073817 · Cited by 2,277 · see citing works
Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy
Penders, J., Thijs, C., Vink, C., Stelma, F. F., Snijders, B., Kummeling, I., van den Brandt, P. A., & Stobberingh, E. E. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2824 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
NLRP6 Inflammasome Regulates Colonic Microbial Ecology and Risk for Colitis
Elinav, E., Strowig, T., Kau, A. L., Henao-Mejia, J., Thaiss, C. A., Booth, C. J., Peaper, D. R., Bertin, J., Eisenbarth, S. C., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.04.022 · Cited by 2,024 · see citing works
Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes
Wen, L., Ley, R. E., Volchkov, P. Y., Stranges, P. B., Avanesyan, L., Stonebraker, A. C., Hu, C., Wong, F. S., Szot, G. L., Bluestone, J. A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07336 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota
Ley, R. E., Lozupone, C., Hamady, M., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2008) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1978 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works
The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota
Round, J. L., Lee, S. M., Li, J., Tran, G., Jabri, B., Chatila, T. A., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206095 · Cited by 1,604 · see citing works
Gut-Residing Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Drive Autoimmune Arthritis via T Helper 17 Cells
Wu, H.-J., Ivanov, I. I., Darce, J., Hattori, K., Shima, T., Umesaki, Y., Littman, D. R., Benoist, C., & Mathis, D. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.001 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works
Self-citationSellon, R. K., Tonkonogy, S., Schultz, M., Dieleman, L. A., Grenther, W., Balish, E., Rennick, D. M., & Sartor, R. B. (1998) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.66.11.5224-5231.1998 · Cited by 1,483 · see citing works
Gaboriau-Routhiau, V., Rakotobe, S., Lécuyer, E., Mulder, I., Lan, A., Bridonneau, C., Rochet, V., Pisi, A., De Paepe, M., Brandi, G., et al. (2009) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.020 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
Harmsen, H. J. M., Wildeboer-Veloo, A. C. M., Raangs, G. C., Wagendorp, A. A., Klijn, N., BINDELS, J. G., & Welling, G. W. (2000) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-200001000-00019 · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works
Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Lee, Y. K., Menezes, J. S., Umesaki, Y., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000082107 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity
Clarke, T. B., Davis, K. M., Lysenko, E. S., Zhou, A. Y., Yu, Y., & Weiser, J. N. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2087 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Satoh‐Takayama, N., Vosshenrich, C. A. J., Lesjean‐Pottier, S., Sawa, S., Lochner, M., Rattis, F. M., Mention, J., Thiam, K., Cerf–Bensussan, N., Mandelboim, O., et al. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.11.001 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
ATP drives lamina propria TH17 cell differentiation
Atarashi, K., Nishimura, J., Shima, T., Umesaki, Y., Yamamoto, M., Onoue, M., Yagita, H., Ishii, N., Evans, R., Honda, K., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07240 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Stecher, B., Robbiani, R., Walker, A. W., Westendorf, A. M., Barthel, M., Kremer, M., Chaffron, S., Macpherson, A. J., Buer, J., Parkhill, J., et al. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050244 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Peripheral education of the immune system by colonic commensal microbiota
Lathrop, S. K., Bloom, S. M., Rao, S. M., Nutsch, K., Lio, C.-W., Santacruz, N., Peterson, D. A., Stappenbeck, T. S., & Hsieh, C.-S. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10434 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Kelly, D., Campbell, J. I., King, T. P., Grant, G., Jansson, E. Å., Coutts, A., Pettersson, S., & Conway, S. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1018 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Smythies, L. E., Sellers, M. T., Clements, R. H., Mosteller‐Barnum, M., Meng, G., Benjamin, W. H., Orenstein, J. M., & Smith, P. D. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200519229 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Communicable Ulcerative Colitis Induced by T-bet Deficiency in the Innate Immune System
Garrett, W. S., Lord, G. M., Punit, S., Lugo‐Villarino, G., Mazmanian, S. K., Ito, S., Glickman, J. N., & Glimcher, L. H. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.017 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Sanos, S. L., Bui, V. L., Mortha, A., Oberle, K., Heners, C., Johner, C., & Diefenbach, A. (2008) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1684 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Reversible Microbial Colonization of Germ-Free Mice Reveals the Dynamics of IgA Immune Responses
Hapfelmeier, S., Lawson, M. A. E., Slack, E., Kirundi, J. K., Stoel, M., Heikenwalder, M., Cahenzli, J., Velykoredko, Y., Balmer, M. L., Endt, K., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188454 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Use of axenic animals in studying the adaptation of mammals to their commensal intestinal microbiota
Smith, K., McCoy, K. D., & Macpherson, A. J. (2006) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2006.10.002 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Garrett, W. S., Gallini, C. A., Yatsunenko, T., Michaud, M., DuBois, A., Delaney, M. L., Punit, S., Karlsson, M., Bry, L., Glickman, J. N., et al. (2010) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2010.08.004 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Cellular and genetic mechanisms of self tolerance and autoimmunity
Goodnow, C. C., Sprent, J., Groth, B. F. D. S., & Vinuesa, C. G. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03724 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Iwasaki, A., & Kelsall, B. L. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.190.2.229 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Stark, P. L., & Lee, A. (1982) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00222615-15-2-189 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Role of Gut Commensal Microflora in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Ditrio, L. E., Burroughs, A. R., Foureau, D. M., Haque-Begum, S., & Kasper, L. H. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900747 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Intestinal Bacteria and the Regulation of Immune Cell Homeostasis
Hill, D. A., & Artis, D. (2010) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101330 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Khan, K. J., Ullman, T. A., Ford, A. C., Abreu, M. T., Abadir, A., Marshall, J. K., Talley, N. J., & Moayyedi, P. (2011) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.72 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Brandtzaeg, P., Halstensen, T. S., Kett, K., Krajči, P., Kvale, D., Rognum, T. O., Scott, H., & Sollid, L. M. (1989) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(89)90406-x · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Depletion of Murine Intestinal Microbiota: Effects on Gut Mucosa and Epithelial Gene Expression
Reikvam, D. H., Erofeev, A. S., Sandvik, A., Grcic, V., Jahnsen, F. L., Gaustad, P., McCoy, K. D., Macpherson, A. J., Meza‐Zepeda, L. A., & Johansen, F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017996 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Abdollahi-Roodsaz, S., Joosten, L. A. B., Koenders, M. I., Devesa, I., Roelofs, M. F., Radstake, T. R. D. J., Heuvelmans-Jacobs, M., Akira, S., Nicklin, M. J. H., Ribeiro-Dias, F., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci32639 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Yoshioka, H., Iseki, K.-I., & Fujita, K. (1983) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.72.3.317 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Wang, Y., Begum-Haque, S., Dasgupta, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2010) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2010.29 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Hall, J. A., Bouladoux, N. J., Sun, C., Wohlfert, E. A., Blank, R. B., Zhu, Q., Grigg, M. E., Berzofsky, J. A., & Belkaid, Y. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.009 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Sekirov, I., Tam, N. M., Jogova, M., Robertson, M. L., Li, Y., Lupp, C., & Finlay, B. B. (2008) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00319-08 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Bezirtzoglou, E., Tsiotsias, A., & Welling, G. W. (2011) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.009 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Lavasani, S., Dzhambazov, B. M., Nouri, M., Fåk, F., Buske, S., Molin, G., Thorlacius, H., Alenfall, J., Jeppsson, B. W., & Weström, B. R. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009009 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
PPARγ as a new therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel diseases
Dubuquoy, L., Rousseaux, C., Thuru, X., Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Romano, O., Chavatte, P., Chamaillard, M., & Desreumaux, P. (2006) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2006.093484 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Specificities of the fecal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease
Sokol, H., Seksik, P., Rigottier‐Gois, L., Lay, C., Lepage, P., Podglajen, I., Marteau, P. R., & Dore, J. M. (2006) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.mib.0000200323.38139.c6 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The Macaque Gut Microbiome in Health, Lentiviral Infection, and Chronic Enterocolitis
McKenna, P. M., Hoffmann, C., Minkah, N. K., Aye, P. P., Lackner, A. A., Liu, Z. Z., Lozupone, C., Hamady, M., Knight, R. D., & Bushman, F. D. (2008) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040020 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Fecal microbiota in early rheumatoid arthritis.
Vaahtovuo, J., Munukka, E., Korkeamäki, M., Luukkainen, R., & Toivanen, P. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Hill, D. A., Hoffmann, C., Abt, M. C., Du, Y., Kobuley, D. E., Kirn, T. J., Bushman, F. D., & Artis, D. (2009) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2009.132 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Kriegel, M. A., Sefik, E., Hill, J. A., Wu, H.-J. J., Benoist, C. O., & Mathis, D. J. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1108924108 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, S. H., Starkey, P. M., & Gordon, S. (1985) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.161.3.475 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Penders, J., Vink, C., Driessen, C., London, N. H. H. J., Thijs, C. T., & Stobberingh, E. E. (2004) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.052 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Ditrio, L. E., Burroughs, A. R., Begum-Haque, S., Dasgupta, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001443 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Kyvik, K. O., Green, A., & Beck‐Nielsen, H. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7010.913 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Goodman, T., & Lefrançois, L. (1989) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.170.5.1569 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
NOD mouse colonies around the world- recent facts and figures
Pozzilli, P., Signore, A., Williams, A. J. K., & Beales, P. E. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90160-m · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Caesarean section delivery and the risk of allergic disorders in childhood
Renz‐Polster, H., David, M., Buist, A. S., Vollmer, W. M., O’Connor, E., Frazier, E. A., & Wall, M. A. (2005) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02356.x · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Dianda, L., Hanby, A., Wright, N. A., Sebesteny, A., Hayday, A., & Owen, M. J. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Crabbé, P. A., Bazin, H., Eyssen, H., & Heremans, J. F. (2009) · International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology · doi:10.1159/000230130 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Noverr, M. C., Falkowski, N. R., McDonald, R. A., McKenzie, A. N. J., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.73.1.30-38.2005 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The response of the lymphatic tissue to the microbial flora. Studies on germfree mice.
Bauer, H., Horowitz, R. E., Levenson, S. Μ., & Pópper, H. (1963) · PubMed Central · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Physiological and pathophysiological functions of intestinal mast cells
Bischoff, S. C. (2009) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0165-4 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Feng, T., Wang, L., Schoeb, T. R., Elson, C. O., & Cong, Y. (2010) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20092253 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Schultz, M., Tonkonogy, S. L., Sellon, R. K., Veltkamp, C., Godfrey, V., Kwon, J., Grenther, W. B., Balish, E., Horak, I. D., & Sartor, R. B. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.6.g1461 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Hooijkaas, H., Benner, R., Pleasants, J. R., & Wostmann, B. S. (1984) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830141212 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Smythies, L. E., Shen, R., Bimczok, D., Novak, L., Clements, R. H., Eckhoff, D. E., Bouchard, P., George, M. D., Hu, W. K., Dandekar, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.069955 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Sczesnak, A., Segata, N., Qin, X., Gevers, D., Petrosino, J. F., Huttenhower, C., Littman, D. R., & Ivanov, I. I. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.08.005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Autonomous activation of B and T cells in antigen‐free mice
Pereira, P., Forni, L., Larsson‐Sciard, E., Cooper, M. D., Heusser, C., & Coutinho, A. (1986) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830160616 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
King, C., & Sarvetnick, N. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017049 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D., Haque-Begum, S., & Kasper, L. (2010) · Gut microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.1.2.11515 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Commensal Microbiota and CD8+ T Cells Shape the Formation of Invariant NKT Cells
Wei, B., Wingender, G., Fujiwara, D., Chen, D. Y., McPherson, M., Brewer, S., Borneman, J., Kronenberg, M., & Braun, J. G. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902620 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Alam, C. M., Bittoun, E., Bhagwat, D., Valkonen, S., Saari, A., Jaakkola, U.-M., Eerola, E., Huovinen, P., & Hänninen, A. L. M. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2097-5 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Role of Environmental Antigens in the Spontaneous Development of Autoimmunity in MRL- lpr Mice
Maldonado, M. A., Kakkanaiah, V. N., MacDonald, G. C., Chen, F., Reap, E. A., Balish, E., Farkas, W. R., Jennette, J. C., Madaio, M. P., Kotzin, B. L., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6322 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Mode of Delivery Is Associated With Asthma and Allergy Occurrences in Children
Salam, M. T., Margolis, H. G., McConnell, R., McGregor, J., Avol, E., & Gilliland, F. D. (2005) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.06.054 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Antibiotics and probiotics in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Gionchetti, P. (2006) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i21.3306 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Badami, E., Sorini, C., Coccia, M., Usuelli, V., Molteni, L., Bolla, A. M., Scavini, M., Mariani, A., King, C., Bosi, E., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1201 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Imaoka, A., Matsumoto, S., Setoyama, H., Okada, Y., & Umesaki, Y. (1996) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830260434 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Williams, A. M., Probert, C. S., Štëpánková, R., Tlaskalová‐Hogenová, H., Phillips, A. C., & Bland, P. W. (2006) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02458.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cesarean delivery is associated with celiac disease but not inflammatory bowel disease in children
Decker, E., Hornef, M. W., & Stockinger, S. (2011) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.2.2.15414 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Kuwahara, T., Ogura, Y., Oshima, K., et al. (2011) · DNA Research · doi:10.1093/dnares/dsr022 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Immune-deficient animals in biomedical research
Rygaard, J., Brunner, N. A., Groem, N., & Spang‐Thomsen, M. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Danger-free autoimmune disease in Aire-deficient mice
Gray, D. H. D., Gavanescu, I., Benoist, C. O., & Mathis, D. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0709160104 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Khoury, K. A., Floch, M. H., & Hersh, T. (1969) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.130.3.659 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Zipris, D. (2009) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.12.011 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The functions of mucosal T cells in containing the indigenous commensal flora of the intestine
Macpherson, A. J., Martinic, M. M. A., & Harris, N. L. (2002) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s000180200009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Haverson, K., Šinkorová, Z., Šinkora, J., Šver, L., & Bailey, M. (2007) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.022 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Wen, K., Azevedo, M. S. P., et al. (2007) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.10.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Systemic Control of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by CD8+ T Cells and Commensal Microbiota
Fujiwara, D., Wei, B., Presley, L. L., Brewer, S., McPherson, M., Lewinski, M. A., Borneman, J., & Braun, J. G. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5843 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Alam, C. M., Valkonen, S., Palagani, V., Jalava, J., Eerola, E., & Hänninen, A. L. M. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0147 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Commensal bacteria promote migration of mast cells into the intestine
Kunii, J., Takahashi, K., Kasakura, K., et al. (2010) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2010.10.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Westerberg, L. S., Klein, C., & Snapper, S. B. (2008) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2008.10.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Deficiency Causes Organ-Specific Autoimmune Disease
Hase, K., Takahashi, D., Ebisawa, M., Kawano, S., Itoh, K., & Ohno, H. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003033 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Microbial colonization induces oligoclonal expansions of intraepithelial CD8 T cells in the gut
Helgeland, L., Dissen, E., Dai, K., Midtvedt, T., Brandtzæg, P., & Vaage, J. T. (2004) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200425122 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Non-HLA associations with autoimmune diseases
Serrano, N. C., Millán, P. A., & Páez, M. C. (2005) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2005.06.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Resident enteric microbiota and CD8+ T cells shape the abundance of marginal zone B cells
Wei, B., Su, T. T., Dalwadi, H. N., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200838432 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Macrophages in the Small Intestinal Muscularis Externa of Embryos, Newborn and Adult Germ-Free Mice
Mikkelsen, H. B., Garbarsch, C., Tranum‐Jensen, J., & Thuneberg, L. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1023/b:hijo.0000039840.86420.b7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Commensal gut bacteria and the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Edwards, C. J. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kawaguchi-Miyashita, M., Shimizu, K., Nanno, M., SHIMADA, S., Watanabe, T., KOGA, Y., Matsuoka, Y., Ishikawa, H., HASHIMOTO, K., & Ohwaki, M. (1996) · Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-740.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ohkubo, T., TSUDA, M., TAMURA, M., et al. (1990) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb03216.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leirisalo‐Repo, M. (2005) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000166388.47604.8b · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Björk, J., Kleinau, S., Midtvedt, T., et al. (1994) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03518.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mørland, B., & Midtvedt, T. (1984) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.44.3.750-752.1984 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ontogeny of macrophage function to release superoxide anion in conventional and germfree mice
Mitsuyama, M., Ohara, R., Amako, K., Nomoto, K., Yokokura, T., & Nomoto, K. (1986) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.52.1.236-239.1986 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ohkubo, T., TSUDA, M., Suzuki, S., et al. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00456.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Durkin, H. G., Sm, C., Gaetjens, E., et al. (1989) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.143.6.1777 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Induction of intestinal lymphoid tissue formation by intrinsic and extrinsic signals
Finke, D. (2009) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-009-0163-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Immune mediators in the brain and peripheral tissues in autism spectrum disorder
Estes, M. L., & McAllister, A. K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3978 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity
Wang, X., Zhang, P., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26196076 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Differences in gut microbiota profile between women with active lifestyle and sedentary women
Bressa, C., Bailén-Andrino, M., Pérez-Santiago, J., González-Soltero, R., Pérez, M., Montalvo-Lominchar, M. G., Maté-Muñoz, J. L., Domínguez, R., Moreno, D., & Larrosa, M. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171352 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Moeser, A. J., Pohl, C. S., & Rajput, M. (2017) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome for human health: From basic science to clinical applications
Mohajeri, M. H., Brummer, R. J. M., Rastall, R. A., Weersma, R. K., Harmsen, H. J. M., Faas, M., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1703-4 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Crucian, B. E., Choukèr, A., Simpson, R. J., Mehta, S., Marshall, G., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., Heer, M., Ponomarev, S., Whitmire, A., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01437 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
A Consideration of Biomarkers to be Used for Evaluation of Inflammation in Human Nutritional Studies
Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Albers, R., Bosco, N., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Haller, D., Holgate, S. T., Jönsson, L. S., Latulippe, M. E., Marcos, A., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512005119 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Zhou, D., Pan, Q., Shen, F., Cao, H.-X., Ding, W.-J., Chen, Y.-W., & Fan, J.-G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01751-y · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Intestinal flora and disease mutually shape the regional immune system in the intestinal tract
Zhou, B., Yuan, Y., Zhang, S., Guo, C., Li, X., Li, G., Xiong, W., & Zeng, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00575 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Mohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“to have a major role in shaping the immune system [27].”
BackgroundManipulating rumen microbiome and fermentation through interventions during early life: a review
Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R., Abecia, L., & Newbold, C. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01133 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota, Immune System, and Bone
D’Amelio, P., & Sassi, F. (2018) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-017-0331-y · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome: Challenges and Perspectives
Kurilshikov, A., Wijmenga, C., Fu, J., & Zhernakova, A. (2017) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.06.003 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Changes of colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
Gerhardt, S., & Mohajeri, M. H. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060708 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Teng, F., Klinger, C. N., Felix, K. M., Bradley, C. P., Wu, E., Tran, N. L., Umesaki, Y., & Wu, H.-J. J. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.03.013 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationImportance of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer
Eslami, M., Yousefi, B., Kokhaei, P., Hemati, M., Nejad, Z. R., Arabkari, V., & Namdar, A. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28473 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Pellegrini, C., Antonioli, L., Colucci, R., Blandizzi, C., & Fornai, M. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1856-5 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
O’Mahony, S. M., Felice, V. D., Nally, K., Savignac, H. M., Claesson, M. J., Scully, P., Woznicki, J., Hyland, N. P., Shanahan, F., Quigley, E. M., et al. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.054 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Telesford, K. M., Yan, W., Ochoa-Reparaz, J., Pant, A., Kircher, C., Christy, M. A., Begum-Haque, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2015) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1056973 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Verma, R., Lee, C., Jeun, E.-J., Yi, J., Kim, K. S., Ghosh, A., Byun, S., Lee, C.-G., Kang, H.-J., Kim, G.-C., et al. (2018) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aat6975 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Elison, E., Vigsnaes, L. K., Rindom Krogsgaard, L., Rasmussen, J., Sørensen, N., McConnell, B., Hennet, T., Sommer, M. O. A., & Bytzer, P. (2016) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516003354 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
He, B., Hoang, T. K., Wang, T., Ferris, M., Taylor, C. M., Tian, X., Luo, M., Tran, D. Q., Zhou, J., Tatevian, N., et al. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20160961 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Kurilshikov, A., van den Munckhof, I. C. L., Chen, L., Bonder, M. J., Schraa, K., Rutten, J. H. W., Riksen, N. P., de Graaf, J., Oosting, M., Sanna, S., et al. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.314642 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Host genetic regulation of human gut microbial structural variation
Zhernakova, D. V., Wang, D., Liu, L., Andreu-Sánchez, S., Zhang, Y., Ruiz-Moreno, A. J., Peng, H., Plomp, N., Del Castillo-Izquierdo, Á., Gacesa, R., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06893-w · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases
Opazo, M. C., Ortega-Rocha, E. M., Coronado-Arrázola, I., Bonifaz, L. C., Boudin, H., Neunlist, M., Bueno, S. M., Kalergis, A. M., & Riedel, C. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Pellegrini, C., Antonioli, L., Calderone, V., Colucci, R., Fornai, M., & Blandizzi, C. (2020) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101806 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Gut microbiota modulates adoptive cell therapy via CD8α dendritic cells and IL-12
Uribe-Herranz, M., Bittinger, K., Rafail, S., Guedan, S., Pierini, S., Tanes, C., Ganetsky, A., Morgan, M. A., Gill, S., Tanyi, J. L., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.94952 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
One health, fermented foods and gut microbiota
Bell, V., Ferrão, J., Pimentel, L., Pintado, M., & Fernandes, T. (2018) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods7120195 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Castelli, V., d’Angelo, M., Lombardi, F., Alfonsetti, M., Antonosante, A., Catanesi, M., Benedetti, E., Palumbo, P., Cifone, M. G., Giordano, A., et al. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102927 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Gut microbiota composition correlates with changes in body fat content due to weight loss
Remely, M., Tesar, I., Hippe, B., Gnauer, S., Rust, P., & Haslberger, A. G. (2015) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2014.0104 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Chiu, C.-C., Ching, Y.-H., Li, Y.-P., Liu, J.-Y., Huang, Y.-T., Huang, Y.-W., Yang, S.-S., Huang, W.-C., & Chuang, H.-L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111220 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Relevance of gutmicrobiota in cognition, behaviour and Alzheimer’s disease
de J.R. De-Paula, V., Forlenza, A. S., & Forlenza, O. V. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Elderman, M., Sovran, B., Hugenholtz, F., Graversen, K., Huijskes, M., Houtsma, E., Belzer, C., Boekschoten, M., de Vos, P., Dekker, J., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184274 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiome: a novel and potential therapy for autism
Yang, Y., Tian, J., & Yang, B. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.027 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Host-Microbiota Interactions Shape Local and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases
Grigg, J. B., & Sonnenberg, G. F. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601621 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
da Silva, T. F., Glória, R. D. A., Americo, M. F., Freitas, A. D. S., de Jesus, L. C. L., Barroso, F. A. L., Laguna, J. G., Coelho-Rocha, N. D., Tavares, L. M., le Loir, Y., et al. (2024) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-024-10247-x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Can we ‘seize’ the gut microbiota to treat epilepsy?
De Caro, C., Iannone, L. F., Citraro, R., Striano, P., De Sarro, G., Constanti, A., Cryan, J. F., & Russo, E. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The microbiota–microglia axis in central nervous system disorders
Mossad, O., & Erny, D. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12908 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Influence of Ketogenic Diet on Gut Microbiota: Potential Benefits, Risks and Indications
Santangelo, A., Corsello, A., Spolidoro, G. C. I., Trovato, C. M., Agostoni, C., Orsini, A., Milani, G. P., & Peroni, D. G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173680 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Geographic Differences in Gut Microbiota Composition Impact Susceptibility to Enteric Infection
Porras, A. M., Shi, Q., Zhou, H., Callahan, R., Montenegro-Bethancourt, G., Solomons, N., & Brito, I. L. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109457 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A dynamic atlas of immunocyte migration from the gut
Galván-Peña, S., Zhu, Y., Hanna, B. S., Mathis, D., & Benoist, C. (2024) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adi0672 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Wang, J. J., Yang, G.-X., Zhang, W. C., Lu, L., Tsuneyama, K., Kronenberg, M., Véla, J. L., Lopez-Hoyos, M., He, X.-S., Ridgway, W. M., et al. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12224 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
How the gut microbiome regulates host immune responses to viral vaccines
Vlasova, A. N., Takanashi, S., Miyazaki, A., Rajashekara, G., & Saif, L. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Demircan, T., Ovezmyradov, G., Yıldırım, B., Keskin, İ., İlhan, A. E., Fesçioğlu, E. C., Öztürk, G., & Yıldırım, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29373-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiota’s Role in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Charitos, I. A., Inchingolo, A. M., Ferrante, L., Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A. D., Castellaneta, F., Cotoia, A., Palermo, A., Scacco, S., & Dipalma, G. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16244404 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota–Related Biomarkers in Immuno-Oncology
Silva, C. A. C., Fidelle, M., Almonte, A. A., Derosa, L., & Zitvogel, L. (2025) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061124-102218 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
T cells heal bone fractures with help from the gut microbiome
Aurora, R., & Silva, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci167311 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wu, H.-J., & Wu, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Hsin-Jung
- Venue
- Gut Microbes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-14
- ISSN
- 1949-0976 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-0984
- PMC
- PMC3337124
- OpenAlex
- W2048502267
- Cited by
- 1,426
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 244 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gut Microbes (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, autoimmune disease, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, self-tolerance, immune dysregulation, systemic autoimmune diseases, microbiota-based therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Immune System, Autoimmunity, Gastrointestinal Tract, Metagenome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review