Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin B(12) is essential for DNA synthesis and for cellular energy production.This review aims to outline the metabolism of vitamin B(12), and to evaluate the causes and consequences of sub-clinical vitamin B(12) deficiency. Vitamin B(12) deficiency is common, mainly due to limited dietary intake of animal foods or malabsorption of the vitamin. Vegetarians are at risk of vitamin B(12) deficiency as are other groups with low intakes of animal foods or those with restrictive dietary patterns. Malabsorption of vitamin B(12) is most commonly seen in the elderly, secondary to gastric achlorhydria. The symptoms of sub-clinical deficiency are subtle and often not recognized. The long-term consequences of sub-clinical deficiency are not fully known but may include adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes, vascular, cognitive, bone and eye health.
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Cobalamin deficiency induces neurological dysfunction, including myelopathy, neuropathy and neuropsychiatric abnormalities, and is associated with mental and cognitive impairment up to dementia.
“Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency induces neurological dysfunction, including myelopathy, neuropathy and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Such neurological damage has been reported in 20–30% of cases of vitamin B12 deficiency [147], and can even occur before serum vitamin B12 concentrations reach a level that would be considered deficient by standard criteria.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [147]
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- Authors
- O’Leary, F., & Samman, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Samman, Samir
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2010-03-05
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 299-316
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3257642
- OpenAlex
- W2165998744
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Porphyrin Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin B12, vitamin B12 metabolism, dietary intake, malabsorption, achlorhydria, vegetarians, restrictive diets, pregnancy outcomes, cognitive health, bone health, eye health, vascular health
- MeSH terms
- Absorption, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Female, Food, Humans, Male, Neural Tube Defects, Nutritional Requirements, Osteoporosis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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