Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

Rizzo, Gianluca; Laganà, Antonio; Rapisarda, Agnese; La Ferrera, Gioacchina; Buscema, Massimo; Rossetti, Paola; Nigro, Angela; Muscia, Vincenzo; Valenti, Gaetano; Sapia, Fabrizio; Sarpietro, Giuseppe; Zigarelli, Micol; Vitale, Salvatore

doi:10.3390/nu8120767

Cited by 372Folate and B Vitamins ResearchPorphyrin Metabolism and DisordersNutritional Studies and Diet

Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

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Rizzo, Gianluca, Laganà, Antonio, Rapisarda, Agnese, La Ferrera, Gioacchina, Buscema, Massimo, Rossetti, Paola, Nigro, Angela, Muscia, Vincenzo +5 more·2016·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu8120767PMC PMC5188422

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Abstract

Cobalamin is an essential molecule for humans. It acts as a cofactor in one-carbon transfers through methylation and molecular rearrangement. These functions take place in fatty acid, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways. The deficiency of vitamin B12 is clinically manifested in the blood and nervous system where the cobalamin plays a key role in cell replication and in fatty acid metabolism. Hypovitaminosis arises from inadequate absorption, from genetic defects that alter transport through the body, or from inadequate intake as a result of diet. With the growing adoption of vegetarian eating styles in Western countries, there is growing focus on whether diets that exclude animal foods are adequate. Since food availability in these countries is not a problem, and therefore plant foods are sufficiently adequate, the most delicate issue remains the contribution of cobalamin, which is poorly represented in plants. In this review, we will discuss the status of vitamin B12 among vegetarians, the diagnostic markers for the detection of cobalamin deficiency and appropriate sources for sufficient intake, through the description of the features and functions of vitamin B12 and its absorption mechanism.

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Authors: Rizzo, G., Laganà, A., Rapisarda, A., La Ferrera, G., Buscema, M., Rossetti, P., Nigro, A., Muscia, V., Valenti, G., Sapia, F., Sarpietro, G., Zigarelli, M., & Vitale, S.
Affiliations: Vico Sant’andrea 5, Ritiro, Messina 98152, Italy
University of Messina (IT)
University of Catania (IT)
Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Maddalena Raimondi San Cataldo, Via Forlanini 5, San Cataldo, Caltanissetta 93017, Italy
Ospedale Cannizzaro (IT)
Corresponding author: Laganà, Antonio
ORCID: Rizzo, Gianluca
Laganà, Antonio
Rapisarda, Agnese
Buscema, Massimo
Valenti, Gaetano
Sarpietro, Giuseppe
Vitale, Salvatore
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2016-11-29
Volume: 8
Issue: 12
Pages: 767
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu8120767
PMC: PMC5188422
OpenAlex: W2558620902
Cited by: 372
References: 212
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 3.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Porphyrin Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: vitamin B12, vegetarians, plant-based diet, vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin deficiency, vitamin B12 absorption, diagnostic biomarkers, vitamin B12 supplementation, one-carbon metabolism, methylation
MeSH terms: Vegetarians, Humans, Diet, Vegetarian, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency, Dietary Supplements

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Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

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