Cited by 514Nutritional Studies and DietAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactConsumer Attitudes and Food Labeling

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Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet

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Clarys, Peter, Deliens, Tom, Huybrechts, Inge, Deriemaeker, Peter, Vanaelst, Barbara, De Keyzer, Willem, Hebbelinck, Marcel, Mullie, Patrick·2014·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu6031318PMC PMC3967195

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Abstract

The number of studies comparing nutritional quality of restrictive diets is limited. Data on vegan subjects are especially lacking. It was the aim of the present study to compare the quality and the contributing components of vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Dietary intake was estimated using a cross-sectional online survey with a 52-items food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were calculated as indicators for diet quality. After analysis of the diet questionnaire and the FFQ, 1475 participants were classified as vegans (n = 104), vegetarians (n = 573), semi-vegetarians (n = 498), pesco-vegetarians (n = 145), and omnivores (n = 155). The most restricted diet, i.e., the vegan diet, had the lowest total energy intake, better fat intake profile, lowest protein and highest dietary fiber intake in contrast to the omnivorous diet. Calcium intake was lowest for the vegans and below national dietary recommendations. The vegan diet received the highest index values and the omnivorous the lowest for HEI-2010 and MDS. Typical aspects of a vegan diet (high fruit and vegetable intake, low sodium intake, and low intake of saturated fat) contributed substantially to the total score, independent of the indexing system used. The score for the more prudent diets (vegetarians, semi-vegetarians and pesco-vegetarians) differed as a function of the used indexing system but they were mostly better in terms of nutrient quality than the omnivores.

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Authors: Clarys, P., Deliens, T., Huybrechts, I., Deriemaeker, P., Vanaelst, B., De Keyzer, W., Hebbelinck, M., & Mullie, P.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
Ghent University (BE)
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
Corresponding author: Clarys, Peter
ORCID: Clarys, Peter
Deliens, Tom
Huybrechts, Inge
Vanaelst, Barbara
Mullie, Patrick
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2014-03-24
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 1318-1332
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu6031318
PMC: PMC3967195
OpenAlex: W1989906925
Cited by: 512
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 14.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
HAL (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
Funders: World Health Organization
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
Keywords: vegan diet, vegetarian diet, semi-vegetarian diet, pesco-vegetarian diet, omnivorous diet, diet quality, Healthy Eating Index-2010, Mediterranean diet score, dietary intake, energy intake, protein intake, dietary fiber intake, calcium intake, fruit and vegetable intake, sodium intake, saturated fat intake
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Animals, Body Weight, Edible Grain, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Fishes, Fruit, Humans, Fabaceae, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Nutritive Value, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Vegetables, Diet, Vegetarian, Guidelines as Topic, Diet, Mediterranean, Young Adult

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Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet

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