Trends in Caffeine Intake Among US Children and Adolescents
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Physicians and policy makers are increasingly interested in caffeine intake among children and adolescents in the advent of increasing energy drink sales. However, there have been no recent descriptions of caffeine or energy drink intake in the United States. We aimed to describe trends in caffeine intake over the past decade among US children and adolescents. METHODS: We assessed trends and demographic differences in mean caffeine intake among children and adolescents by using the 24-hour dietary recall data from the 1999–2010 NHANES. In addition, we described the proportion of caffeine consumption attributable to different beverages, including soda, energy drinks, and tea. RESULTS: Approximately 73% of children consumed caffeine on a given day. From 1999 to 2010, there were no significant trends in mean caffeine intake overall; however, caffeine intake decreased among 2- to 11-year-olds (P < .01) and Mexican-American children (P = .003). Soda accounted for the majority of caffeine intake, but this contribution declined from 62% to 38% (P < .001). Coffee accounted for 10% of caffeine intake in 1999–2000 but increased to nearly 24% of intake in 2009–2010 (P < .001). Energy drinks did not exist in 1999–2000 but increased to nearly 6% of caffeine intake in 2009–2010. CONCLUSIONS: Mean caffeine intake has not increased among children and adolescents in recent years. However, coffee and energy drinks represent a greater proportion of caffeine intake as soda intake has declined. These findings provide a baseline for caffeine intake among US children and young adults during a period of increasing energy drink use.
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“The majority (~73%) of US youth consume caffeine on a daily basis [9], primarily in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), high-energy drinks, and coffee [9].”
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Caffeinated Beverages, Behavior, and Brain Structure
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Symptoms Attributed to Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages in Adolescents
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“However, although caffeine consumption from soda decreased, intake of higher concentration caffeine products such as coffee and energy drinks increased rapidly, suggesting that the total dose of caffeine consumed by adolescents may be on the rise.(9)”
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“Although the consumption of energy drinks is somewhat declining [1, 2] compared to previous decades [3], still a lot of”
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“Although adolescent caffeine intake does not appear to be increasing over time [11], the proportion of caffeine intake represented by coffee and EDs has increased and that represented by soda intake has declined [12].”
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Caffeine intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents in the United States
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The Somnolent Youth-Sleep and the Influence of Exercise: A Narrative Review
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“the overconsumption of caffeine-containing food products amongst adolescents is high [83].”
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How Sugar Labeling Affects Consumer Sugar Reduction: A Case of Sucrose Grade Labels in China
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Energy drinks as a trigger factor for seizures in paediatric patients: A case report
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Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks: Beginning to Address the Gaps in What We Know
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Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks/Shots
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- Authors
- Branum, A. M., Rossen, L. M., & Schoendorf, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Division of Vital Statistics, Reproductive Statistics Branch, and
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- ORCID
- Rossen, Lauren M.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2014-03-01
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 386-393
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC4736736
- OpenAlex
- W2081624458
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 12.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, children, adolescents, energy drinks, soft drink consumption, coffee consumption, tea consumption, dietary trends, Mexican American children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Caffeine, Carbonated Beverages, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Young Adult, Energy Drinks
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