Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant (immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typically associated with infections. Carbohydrates displayed on the surface of pathogens are often recognized as PAMPs by receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, carbohydrates and their analogues have been used as adjuvants and delivery systems to promote antigen transport to APCs. Carbohydrates are biocompatible, usually nontoxic, biodegradable, and some are mucoadhesive. As such, carbohydrates and their derivatives have been intensively explored for the development of new adjuvants. This review assesses the immunological functions of carbohydrate ligands and their ability to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against co-administered antigens. The role of carbohydrate-based adjuvants/delivery systems in the development of subunit vaccines is discussed in detail.
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Carbohydrates play a twofold key role for antimicrobial vaccines, providing the specificity of the immune response against pathogen and immunogenicity.
“As for anticancer vaccines, carbohydrates also play a twofold key role for antimicrobial vaccines, providing the specificity of the immune response against pathogen and immunogenicity [269].”
From GANAB and N-Glycans Substrates Are Relevant in Human Physiology, Polycystic Pathology and Multiple Sclerosis: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [269]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says pathogen-associated carbohydrates are recognized as foreign and acknowledges their antigenic function. Section 4 (page unavailable) explicitly says carbohydrates enhance vaccine immunogenicity. The paper does not establish the more specific claim that carbohydrates provide the pathogen-specificity of the immune response; its focus is their adjuvant effect on co-administered antigens. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Astragalus Saponins and Liposome Constitute an Efficacious Adjuvant Formulation for Cancer Vaccines
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Lipo-Peptides/Saccharides for Peptide Vaccine Delivery
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 222 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
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Bojarska, J., Mieczkowski, A., Ziora, Z. M., Skwarczyński, M., Tóth, I., Shalash, A. O., Parang, K., El-Mowafi, S. A., Mohammed, E. H. M., Elnagdy, S. M., et al. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11101515 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
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Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Challenges and Advances in Vaccine Development
He, Z., Li, F., Liu, M., Liao, J., & Guo, C. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13030260 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Peptide-Based Vaccines for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Endeavors and Future Perspectives
Vassilakopoulou, V., Karachaliou, C., Evangelou, A., Zikos, C. C., & Livaniou, E. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9111278 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants
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De Masi, R., & Orlando, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137373 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“As for anticancer vaccines, carbohydrates also play a twofold key role for antimicrobial vaccines, providing the specificity of the immune response against pathogen and immunogenicity [269].”
BackgroundDynamic Imine Bonding Facilitates Mannan Release from a Nanofibrous Peptide Hydrogel
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Carbohydrates as putative pattern recognition receptor agonists in vaccine development
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NAVIGATING THE LANDSCAPE OF ADJUVANTS FOR SUBUNIT VACCINES: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
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Hookworm infection: Toward development of safe and effective peptide vaccines
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- Authors
- Bashiri, S., Koirala, P., Toth, I., & Skwarczynski, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Venue
- Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-14
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 965
- ISSN
- 1999-4923 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7602499
- OpenAlex
- W3092797747
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 222
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1132975)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- subunit vaccine, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, antigen-presenting cells, mucosal immune response, systemic immune response, antigen delivery systems, mucoadhesion, carbohydrate ligands, vaccine adjuvants
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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